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Fifty Key Contemporary Thinkers: 
from Structuralism to Postmodernity 
© Authorised Translation from the English 
Language Edition Published by Routledge, 
a Member of the Taylor & Francis Group. 
All Rights Reserved. 


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^Jlp aIaJL ^UiS^Nl d)| .LgJ % >LjLj ^UslpN 4jj_Lla_oJl o^LJL a-_>!>LLxJ| sjfi ^Jl 

0«Xj.-A»>\J| ^Jl ^5 — ^ I ^1 _ 

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Jl U_. j} _ ^j^AixJl s oUJJ 4 w ^o_a» 1 ^Lia_C-| ^5 j_^Jl i^} 4 j\ ji' 

jU . j^uai ^UaJJ L-lSJ^Jl aSjS - Jujj M ^JxJI jL ajL^JI ^Ip^^/I 

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j {j* i_5 _ $" 5 jioJ.1 01 j ^jjo a^OwJ-a^- > t^-Ji j i o J .' o|J 

.[,^->11 

Gaston Bachelard, The Philosophy of No; a Philosophy of the New Scientific Mind , (1) 
Translated from the French by G. C. Waterston (New York: Orion Press, [1968]), p. 63. 

.64 t 4 — ai j. t., ^1 (2) 


22 



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(3) * „ 

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oLjJij tjL^vAkJl ^j+j 4^pLigJljlj ^ 4jJ^i3| ^\Jl^ 4 j 1 


Gaston Bachelard, The New Scientific Spirit , Translated by Arthur Goldhammer; (3) 
Foreword by Patrick A. Heelan (Boston: Beacon Press, 1984), p. 4. 


23 


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24 



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yp SjLp ya AJ^LiUi <3>® U .1936 ^Ip aJL^) ^ jjj UU (Surrationalisme) 
U_Lbo 4^^UJl ^ \ Aj^pUI ojIp|j *\ y\ 

ya U*iljJl ^51 ajjx>U1 ojIp} Jl Jljj^Jl 

J_A yj y> j£jLa yl (^■^-!l jJl <jUUll j .* /g - ‘ >- U i 

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f 

-lS'LJI 1 176 i y> j 1 ^ 1 1 (8) 
Gaston Bachelard, “Le Surrationalisme,” Inquisitions, vol. I (1936). (9) 

Gaston Bachelard, La Terre et les reveries de la volonle: Essai sur I’imagination de la (10) 
force (Paris: J. Corti, 1948), p. 3. 


25 



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26 



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oJlA ^3 jl^Jl 


Dominique Lecourt, Bachelard ou le jour et la null: Un Essai du materialisme (11) 
dialectique , theoriciens (Paris: B. Grasset, 1974), p. 32. 

. jjSjj (_l| -USUI ( d... fl i j. 1 ., n \ I (12) 


27 



! <u-.L»')ll Ap cJWpI 

Bachelard, Gaston. Air and Dreams: An Essay on the Imagination of Movement. 
Translated from the French by Edith R. Farrell and C. Frederick Farrell. 
Dallas: Dallas Institute Publications, Dallas Institute of Humanities and 
Culture, 1988. (The Bachelard Translation Series) 

. L’Air et les songes: Essai sur Imagination du movement. Paris: J. Corti, 

1943. 

. La Dialectique de la duree. Nouvelle edition. Paris: Presses 

universitaires de France, 1950. (Bibliotheque de philosophic contempor- 
aine) 

. La Dialectique de la duree. Poitiers: Societe frangaise d’imprimerie et 

de librairie; Paris: Boivin, 1936. 

. Le Droit de rever. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1970. 

. L'Eau et les reves, essai sur /’ imagination de la matiere. Paris: J. Corti, 

1942. 

. Essai sur la connaissance approchee. Paris: J. Vrin, 1928. 

. L’ Experience de I’espace dans la physique contemporaine. Paris: F. 

Alcan, 1937. (Bibliotheque de philosophie contemporaine) 

. The Flame of a Candle. Translated from the French by Joni Caldwell. 

Dallas: Dallas Institute Publications, 1988. (The Bachelard Translations) 

. La Flamme dune chandelle. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 

1961. 

. La Formation de I’esprit scientifique, contribution a une psychanalyse de 

la connaissance objective. 8 eme eidition. Paris: J. Vrin, 1972. 

. La Formation de I’esprit scientifique, contribution a une psychanalyse de 

la connaissance objective. Paris: J. Vrin, 1938. 

. L’Jntuition de l' instant: Etude sur la ’Siloe’ de Gaston Roupnel. Paris: 

Stock, 1932. 

. Les Intuitions atomistiques: Essai de classification. Paris: Boivin, 1933. 

. Lautreamont. Translated from the French by Robert S. Dupree; with 

Essays by James Hillman and Robert S. Dupree. Dallas: Dallas Institute 
Publications, Dallas Institute of Humanities and Culture, 1986. 

. Le Materialisme rationnel. Seconde edition. Paris: Presses universi- 
taires de France, 1963. (Bibliotheque de philosophie contemporaine) 

. Le Materialisme rationnel. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 

1953. (Bibliotheque de philosophie contemporaine). 

. The New Scientific Spirit. Translated by Arthur Goldhammer; 

Foreword by Patrick A. Heelan. Boston: Beacon Press, 1984. 

— . Le Nouvel esprit scientifique . Paris: Libr. Felix Alcan, 1934. 

. On Poetic Imagination and Reverie: Selections from the Works of 

Gaston Bachelard. Translated, with an Introd. by Colette Gaudin. 
Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, [1971], (The Library of Liberal Arts; no 155) 
. La Philosophie du non: Essai d’une philosophie du nouvel esprit 


28 



scientifique. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1 940. (Bibliotheque de 
philosophic contemporaine) 

. The Philosophy of No; a Philosophy of the New Scientific Mind. 

Translated from the French by G. C. Waterston. New York: Orion Press, 
[1968], 

. Le Pluralisme coherent de la chimie moderne. Paris: Librairie 

philosophique J. Vrin, 1932. 

. The Poetics of Space. Translated from the French by Maria Jolas. 

Foreword by Etienne Gilson. New York: Orion Press, [1964], 

. La Poetique de Tespace. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1957. 

(Bibliotheque de philosophic contemporaine) 

. La Poetique de la reverie. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1965. 

(Bibliotheque de philosophic contemporaine) 

. La Poetique de la reverie. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1960. 

(Bibliotheque de philosophic contemporaine) 

. La Psychanalyse du feu. Paris: Gallimard, 1938. (Collection 

«psychologie»; no 7) 

. The Psychoanalysis of Fire. Translated by Alan C. M. Ross. Boston: 

Beacon Press, [1964], 

. The Psychoanalysis of Fire. Translated From the French by Alan C. 

M. Ross. London: Routledge and K. Paul, 1964. 

. Le Rationalisme applique. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1966. 

(Bibliotheque de philosophic contemporaine. Logique et philosophic des 
sciences) 

. Le Rationalisme applique. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1949. 

(Bibliotheque de philosophic contemporaine) 

. The Right to Dream. Translated from the French by J. A. Underwood. 

Dallas: Dallas Institute Publications, Dallas Institute of Humanities and 
Culture, 1988. (The Bachelard Translation Series) 

. «Le Surrationalisme.» Inquisitions: vol. 1, 1936. 

. La Terre et les reveries du repos. Paris: J. Corti, 1971. 

. . Paris: J. Corti, 1948. 

. La Terre et les reveries de la volonte: Essai sur Timagination de la force. 

Paris: J. Corti, 1948. 

. La Valeur inductive de la relativite. Paris: J. Yrin, 1929. 

. Water and Dreams: An Essay on the Imagination of Matter. Translated 

from the French by Edith R. Farrell. Dallas: Pegasus Foundation, 1983. 

: aJUil oUl y 

Ginestier, Paul. La Pensee de Bachelard. [Paris]: Bordas, [1968], (Pour 
connaitre la pensee) 

Lecourt, Dominique. Bachelard ou le jour et la nuit: Un Essai du materialisme 
dialectique. Paris: B. Grasset, 1974. (Theoriciens) 


29 



McAllester Jones, Mary. Gaston Bachelard, Subversive Humanist: Texts and 
Readings. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press, 1991. (Science 
and Literature) 

Smith, Roch Charles. Gaston Bachelard. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1982. 

(Twayne’s World Authors Series; TWAS 665) 

Tiles, Mary. Bachelard, Science and Objectivity. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]; 
New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984. (Modern European 
Philosophy) 


30 



Mikhail Bakhtin (Jjulsejja 


tol^jJ-id! bLi^l t j^Ju 

\^sS ( j£\ kJj jJaJlj ‘GLIiSsJ ^^pxjjUI ^-uJl o j-iJ^ ^ 

aJ L*pL«fcX>*l li »^- w«JLj 4 JL 0 d— L*>- *a^p ^ojtl! j*, zl>-) L^.*j 

^ S^LfJi ^ylp 1895 j^j jj /^UJl ^ (j-JL^-Li jJ j ,<uu-J 

.1918 ^lp .il^Pj^Li OcaUj- AJcUl 4j13j J-~' ^ -A^lj-Sj OlbL^*A5Ul 

^*Jl l.< ++**j \ j \ jp*J*j* aJ ^ lkx<< <*Ip <• < ^J UJi ^3 A*_-w»»b**» 

Aj*^IjJ A»*jbJl A^-LS" ^y3 Aj^Ll^'V i . - «< t <U«Xi ^yXp ^ ^ 

* jp 1-Lp U 'Jp 1 1961 ^Ip ^>- 1$^ ^j-5 ^yJl 1936 j»Ip ^ iaJUI 

^“*P ijs^J . j^Jaj a]«*p- (J C-»lpLij v» .0 ^4JoajI 

^yi aJs»j^j jp ^ply» 1929 p Ip aJUcpi ^5 ^>- aJsLl; aJJ ^ 

Ji^b ^yiJlj aJlp > a ^ ^j T S <^j5UJ 4^jIi)I aj j-«JI <UjlJL<kJ! 

Lm^L>x^ ^J*o-p > • ob^. > -l jL5 (_yJj, aJL%* _ jl «** 3-LoJ 

JlS aJI ^_jL>*pJ y> L~-jj ^yi AI**p oLy,.Jt JjJbxjj 

^ySC^wJij j^p 1929 ^Lp ajsJi ^Ul ajIxJT aJL^pI ^jJa^j c-sLmJlS! jlpI 

0 1 jjp & JlU A>-^^i?l Aj i J lJI A^JJS JL» cjlS” ^JUl - aJjIj ^P AjUS"^ 

.1965 ^Lp ^Li j-Jl ^L>o^/l ^yi « ^-oJlJ o^JLi ^jJlj _ oLj^ajj^! 

•■^Lj^v^m^J! J5lji ^y3 ^3 ^ aJL^-pIj $<Jj>ilj <—*.*. ,-wjj 

r> uu a-jjL-JLLII I A—jIji ^^3 aJL^jl^I JJL* - ^jjLJL^Jl ^JLp 


Tzvetan Todorov, Mikhail Bakhtin: The Dialogical Principle, Translated by Wlad (1) 
Godzich (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984), p. 9. 


31 


.1975 ^Ip ^ja /jlil ^ Ajlij aLoSLo ^^Jlj - aJL*j^/I 


ol5” .ajL*JJ oL^ldL^vl ol y\ L»-® ajL^L A^u»jLa-ajj ^ ^^aJl L jLwa oj 

^ t ^ 

LajI old < c5sij Id* ^wuJ £ dLo^» <yS» o>LLd ^1 p 0u*j La I^Jd 

>* c s' 

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Liu dJJ.i ^j) AiLs^^/L .j»-u4l*^»jl JadxJl ^Jl <Cwa jjJ^JJ c_J^il j_A OjLsUJ 

aJ I A_*%wtf_L> Lg-^ld aJI j^iaj ^dl^ A-J| s_^dJi ^a S-X-C' a^wvo (_]j_>- 

(Voloshinov and 


^L iUJI 


. U-dJwL5Jta 


ij a~~£ jUIj AjJ^jjii\ : ^ L ^ddl oJla ^_aI j (.Medvedev) 
H ^ 4^j^Vi d^L^ii^tadl aJL^humJI AAj^Jflilj) 


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^ ajIj* jJl ^>jL (J coNLLo^ *— -^-d (2 ^ <JL>^>LI Ad^ds^ i0^l>-'Vl /^p & ^SLoJI 
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^w>-L> ol AuNl aJLJL>xJ| to j^jii ^oPjL^-L| o^l i^d^L^I *LLp 

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Awlj3 ^j-a LaOJ>-I ^1 oL>- ^£-< dl jl JUj jSii\ ,jP Aj tNjI ! aJLJI 
(Polyphonic) olj_v^^/l jl_pJl LdUJl ijlj^Jl j»>fLo tUU .aJuI^J 

^xJl o UJ L -,/? <J I tl j-Jv-lj a-w-Ijj Lio (^dJl 


j_a SJuoo^Ji (Chronotope) 


(*). 


JJ jjjj$Ol\tij ^^yljjJl cpUa>«JU ( J^» 1 g n ,/?j 
} ^Ajljjjl Aj jiaj (J y>- Aj^lia APj-oj>«-« 


jd^j _ AjJ-d>jNl ^1 ^S>- jZj aJ J-*p <Jjl _ aJ-jIj J^P A1^a»Ij3 ^ 

A^i-^-dl j-v^P La S^l3 Loli j\S La-S" 0L>" j ^ rod I ^1 l)Lj2j ^JlP 


a j~> j a*JJI 4_^4jJl1 JJiP oJj>- Ol d^ '*'"* \y* ^ijxj 

L^-j ^ ^ a ■ n ^ Li^a j ijL«^Jlj . ®dj*Xil ^ * 1 1 j ^ g . ^ 1 t „ i> \ 1 AajL^II^ a*jL.^J1 

,l$J Uaj U^» ji diij <CLs^lj»- 

Mikhail Bakhtin, The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays = Voprosy literatury i estetiki , (2) 
University of Texas Press Slavic Series; no. 1, Edited by Michael Holquist; Translated by Caryl 
Emerson and Michael Holquist (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981). 


32 



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33 



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j .a la ~ y**JJ cJl^-pl L*-^Mj - 1 j^j jLs^* j-*~-^ 0 ^a31 

jU- s — ‘ ;‘^J .(3UJ1 j^Sl Laj^ Ll^" 4 ( J^/?1 v ^J 

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U^j>- (^^1 4_a_w«jJL . «oL>Jl! w^^JJl j-salp t _^Lp <ul .Ai^Jl^Jl 


Mikhail Bakhtin, Rabelais and his World , Translated by Helene Iswolsky (Bloomington: (3) 
Indiana University Press, 1984), p. 66. 

.39 4 (4) 

.40 w --j.il (5) 


34 



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35 



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Bakhtin, T/?e Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays = Voprosy Uteratury i estetiki , p. 314. (7) 


37 



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38 



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! ^MAaLwif^M Jl*^| 

Bakhtin, Mikhail. 77ie Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays = Voprosy literatury 
i estetiki. Edited by Michael Holquist; Translated by Caryl Emerson and 
Michael Holquist. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981. (University of 
Texas Press Slavic Series; no. 1) 

. Problems of Dostoyevsky’s Poetics. Translated by Caryl Emerson. 

Manchester: Manchester University, 1984. 

. Rabelais and his World. Translated by Helene Iswolsky. Bloomington: 

Indiana University Press, 1984. 

. Speech Genres and Other Late Essays = Estetika slovesnogo 

tvorchestva. Translated by Vern W. McGee. Edited by Caryl Emerson 
and Michael Holquist. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1987. 
(University of Texas Press Slavic Series; no. 8) 


! ijlvsl £j\e-\ jS 

Kristeva, Julia. Desire in Language: A Semiotic Approach to Literature and Art. 
Ed. by Leon S. Roudiez. Transl. by Thomas Gora, Alice Jardine and 
Leon S. Roudiez. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1982. 

Morson, Gary Saul and Caryl Emerson. Mikhail Bakhtin: Creation of a 
Prosaics. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Univ. Press, 1990. 

Todorov, Tzvetan. Mikhail Bakhtin: The Dialogical Principle. Translated by 
Wlad Godzich. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984. 


39 



Volosmov, V. N. Freudianism: A Marxist Critique — Freidizm: kriticheskif 
ocherk. Translated by I. R. Titunik and Edited in Collaboration with 
Neal H. Bruss. New York: Academic Press, 1976. 

. Marxism and the Philosophy of Language. Translated by Ladislav 

Matejka and I. R. Titunik. New York: Seminar Press, 1973. (Studies in 
Language) 


40 



Georges Canguilhem 


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Michel Foucaull, “Introduction,” in: Georges Canguilhem, On the Normal and the (1) 
Pathological , Translated from the French by Carolyn R. Fawcett; with Editorial Collaboration of 
Robert S. Cohen; and with an Introd. by Michel Foucault (Holland; Boston: D. Reidel Pub. Co, 
1978). pp. 9-20. 

= Elisabeth Roudinesco, Jacques Lacan and Co.: A History of Psychoanalysis in France, (2) 


41 



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1925-1985 * Translated with a Foreword by Jeffrey Mehlman (Chicago: University of Chicago = 
Press, 1990), p. 221. 


42 



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Foucault, Ibid, p. 14. 


Canguilhem, 0/2 the Normal and the Pathological , p. 27. 


(3) 

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43 



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! 4 y aU»a^n J J^l 

Canguilhem, Georges. Etudes d’histaire el de philosophic des sciences. Paris: 
Vrin, 1975. (Problemes et controverses) 


— . La Formation du concept de reflexe aux XV lie et XV I lie siecles. 2eme 
ed. rev. et augm. Paris: Librairie philosophique J. Vrin, 1977. (L’Histoire 
des sciences. Textes et etudes) 

— . Ideologic et rationalite dans Yhistoire des sciences de la vie: Nouvelles 
etudes d’histoire et de philosophic des sciences. Paris: J. Vrin, 1977. 


.153 4 A~-J j-L.ig.il (8) 


47 



(Problemes et controverses) 

. Ideology and Rationality in the History of the Life Sciences. Translated 

by Arthur Goldhammer. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1988. 

. On the Normal and the Pathological. Translated from the French by 

Carolyn R. Fawcett; with Editorial Collaboration of Robert S. Cohen; 
and with an Introd. by Michel Foucault. Holland; Boston: D. Reidel Pub. 
Co, 1978. (Studies in the History of Modern Science; vol. 3) 

. La Sante: Concept vulgaire et question philosophique . Pin-Balma: 

Sables, 1990. 

- e- v 

Foucault. Michel and Graham Burchell. «Georges Canguilhem: Philosopher of 
Error. » Ideology and Consciousness : vol. 7, Autumn 1980. 

Lecourt, Dominique. Marxism and Epistemology: Bachelard, Canguilhem and 
Foucault, Dominique Lecourt. Translated from the French by Ben 
Brewster. London: NLB, 1975. 

Roudinesco, Elisabeth. Jacques Lacan and Co.: A History of Psychoanalysis in 
France, 1925-1985. Translated with a Foreword by Jeffrey Mehlman. 
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990. 

Spicker, Stuart. «An Introduction to the Medical Epistemology of Georges 
Canguilhem: Moving Beyond Michel Foucault. » Journal of Medicine and 
Philosophy, vol. 12, 4 November 1987. 


48 



Jean Cavailles oL>. 

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ojil^z oL61ai^ Jw^lj ^1903 j»Ip AsXjLu-Jj^j aIjIp ^ ^volilS" 6l>- Jilj 

Jean Cavailles, Sur la logique et la theorie de la science , problemes et contro verses; 60, (1) 
preface de Gaston Bachelard, 4 erne edition (Paris: J. Vrin, 1987). 

. o l o. ...» jj I tjj A-d i jIiSCJI Iaa ol 

.78 1 4_wjij (2) 

Georges Canguilhem, Vie et :^li5 j* Sij^U ^^1 ejL^j jb^ SU^- J^Uj (3) 

-mort de Jean Cavailles, les carnets de Baudasser; 10 (Ambialet: P. Laleure, 1976). 


49 



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. fi^LJ^l! lo^j jl5 


IslS* (jl^ JUpI 


Cavailles, Jean. Methode axiomatique et formalisme. Paris: Hermann, 1938. 
3 vols. (Actualites scientifiques et industrielles; 608-610, actualites 
scientifiques et industrielles. Progres de l’esprit; 9-11) 

. Remarques sur la formation de la theorie abstraite des ensembles. Pans: 

Hermann, 1938. 2 vols. (Actualites scientifiques et industrielles; 606-607. 


.78 y> iO j j-Wail (6) 
(7) 

.Syr y W : a^ : g.t.ll Ojl 5o^ iJ y* y- ^ y>j :(Cogito) (*) 


55 



actualites scientifiques et industrielles. Progres de l’esprit; 7-8) 

— . Sur La Logique et la theorie de la science. Preface de Gaston Bachelard. 
4eme edition. Paris: J. Vrin, 1987. (Problemes et controverses; 60) 

— . Transfini et continu. Paris: Hermann, 1947. (Actualites scientifiques et 
industrielles; no. 1020, essais philosophiques; no. 4) 


: LiUd olf I ji 

Canguilhem, Georges. Vie et mort de Jean Cavailles. Ambialet: P. Laleure, 
1976. (Les Carnets de Baudasser; 10) 

Ferrieres, Gabrielle. Jean Cavailles, philosophe et combattant ( 1903-1944) avec 
une etude de son auvre par Gaston Bachelard. 1 ed. Paris: Presses 
universitaires de France, 1950. 



Sigmund Freud Ju^axtu 


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61 



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62 



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Freud, Sigmund. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of 
Sigmund Freud. Translated from the German Under the General 
Editorship of James Strachey, in Collaboration with Anna Freud, 


j 4jaj>-^il b-P 4^L*i! 1 ^ ... . a\jij I i 9wL^- (♦-h' (»&) 

^9 «GL$La ^9 4 . l. a .«.l l 43*A*Jl ^oliJL 


63 



Assisted by Alix Strachey, and Alan Tyson. London: The Hogarth Press 
and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1962-1975. 

Vol. 1: Project for a Scientific Psychology. 

Vol. 2: Studies on Hysteria, by Joseph Breuer and Sigmund Freud. 

Vol. 4: The Interpretation of Dreams. 

Vol. 9: Totem and Taboo. 

Vol. 18: Beyond the Pleasure Principle. 

Vol. 19: «The Economic Problem of Masochism.» 


olf-l 

Brennan, Teresa. The Interpretation of the Flesh: Freud and Femininity. 
London; New York: Routledge, 1992. 

Gay, Peter. Freud: A Life for Our Time. New York: Anchor-Doubleday, 1989. 
Jones, Ernest. The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud. New York: Basic Books, 
1953-1957. 3 vols. 

Laplanche, Jean. Life and Death in Psychoanalysis. Translated with an Introd. 

by Jeffrey Mehlman. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976. 
Weber, Samuel. The Legend of Freud. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota 
Press, 1982. 


64 



Marcel Mauss ^3-4 


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• djl-l j\ dixJ ^ Ja^jdL oiLdl ( j-j j-*j (^) 

= Anthony Richard Gringeri, “Twilight of the Sun : 5i«w ^ ^ aU^ ^ oJu» (1) 


65 



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^j-w>jj La (jLo-pV o j * ^ *^Jl yAy\ j ^L*a - 3 ^-LS A-d J_Lo (jl >LL*i L» 

^ #, p. ^ * (2) 

4-*i 5^ t I Jl& 1 °~i j*-> c^— ^ g *■*»! Ai 




Kings: French Anthropology from Modernism to Post-Modernism, 1925-1950,” (Ph. D. = 
Dissertation Unpublished, University of California, Berkeley, 1990). 

Claude Levi-Strauss, "Introduction a l’oeuvre de Marcel Mauss,” dans: Marcel Mauss, (2) 
Svciologie el anthropologie , quadrige; 58, introduction par Claude Levy-Strauss, 8eme ed. (Paris: 
PUF, 1983), pp. 9-52. 

Claude Levi-Strauss, Introduction to the Work of Marcel Mauss, : j k._il >. A_.^_L^_;)! L_. j 
Translated by Felicity Baker (London: Routlege and Kcgan Paul, 1987). 


66 



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Marcel Mauss, The Gift: The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies , (3) 
Trans. W. D. Halls (London: Routledge, 1990), p. 65. 


68 



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.74 ^j-5> lUA J_lvait (4) 

Marcel Mauss, “Esquisse d’une theorie generale de la magie,’' dans: Marcel Mauss, (5) 
Sociologie et anthropologies pp. 1-141. 

Marcel Mauss, A General Theory of Magic , Translated from : ^7 j-J' U<a J \ JaJlj 

the French by Robert Brain (London; Boston: Rout ledge and K. Paul, 1972). 

.111 y> t, 1 104 yP 4 A^wflj j_Ls^i.l (6) 


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Marcel Mauss, “Les Techniques du corps,” dans: Mauss, Sociologie et anthropologies (8) 
pp. 326-386. 

: 4jjO>*j1/I 1^* jS\ IozjI 

Marcel Mauss, “Techniques of the Body,” Trans. Ben Brewster, Economy and Society , vol. 
2, no. 1 (1973), pp. 70-88. 

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Louis Althusser, Lenin and Philosophy, and Other : •ulii' y yS\ li _ r -ijS y- L~^x_La (10) 
Essays, Translated from the French by Ben Brewster (London: New Left Books, 1971), p. 158. 
Mauss, “Les Techniques du corps,” dans: Mauss: Sociologie et anthropologie , p. 386, (11) 
and “Techniques of the Body”, 


72 



1 4***fL*u*)(l 

Mauss, Marcel. A General Theory of Magic. Translated from the French by 
Robert Brain. London; Boston: Routledge and K. Paul, 1972. 

. The Gift: The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies. 

Trans. W. D. Halls. London: Routledge, 1990. 

. Sacrifice: Its Nature and Function. Trans. W. D, Halls. Chicago: 

University of Chicago Press, 1981. 

. Sociologie et anthropologie. Introduction par Claude Levy-Strauss. 

8eme ed. Paris: PUF, 1983. (Quadrige; 58) 

. «Techniques of the Body.» Trans. Ben Brewster. Economy and Society. 

vol. 2, no. 1, 1973. 


Althusser, Louis. Lenin and Philosophy, and Other Essays. Translated from the 
French by Ben Brewster. London: New Left Books, 1971. 

Bloor, David. «Durkheim and Mauss Revisited: Classification and the 
Sociology of Knowledge. » Studies in the History and Philosophy of 
Science : vol. 13, no. 4, 1982. 

Carrier, James. «Gifts, Commodities, and Social Relations: A Maussian View 
of Exchange. » Sociological Forum: vol. 6, no. 1, Mars 1991. 

Carrithers, Michael, Steven Collins and Steven Lukes (eds.). The Category of 
the Person: Anthropology, Philosophy, History. Cambridge [Cambridge- 
shire]; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985. 

Gane, Mike (ed.). The Radical Sociology of Durkheim and Mauss. London; 
New York: Routledge, 1992. 

Gringeri, Anthony Richard. «Twilight of the Sun Kings: French Anthropology 
from Modernism to Post-Modernism, 1925-1950. » (Ph. D. Dissertation 
Unpublished, University of California, Berkeley, 1990). 

Levi-Strauss, Claude. Introduction to the Work of Marcel Mauss. Translated by 
Felicity Baker. London: Routlege and Kegan Paul, 1987. 

Ritter, Henning. «The Ethnological Revolution: on Marcel. » Trans. John 
Burns. Comparative Civilizations Review: vol. 22, Fall 1990. 


73 



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W. R. Boyce Gibson (New York: Collier Books, 1962), p. 102. 

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Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology of Perception, Trans. Colin Smith (London: (4) 
Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1962), p. 148. 

j° ei] ^ 


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Maurice Merleau-Ponty, The Primacy of Perception, and Other Essays : ^->U5' ^ Oijj 
on Phenomenological Psychology, the Philosophy of Art, History , and Politics , Northwestern 
University Studies in Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy, Edited with an Introd. by 
James M. Edie (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1964), pp. 3-11. 

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Merleau-Ponty, “The Primacy of Perception and its Philosophical Consequences,” in: (7) 

The Primacy of Perception, and Other Essays on Phenomenological Psychology, the Philosophy of 
Art, History, and Politics , p. 16. 

.19 ^yy i 4~Jl> jJwail (8) 


78 



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•Francis Dosse, Histoire du structuralisme , textes a l’appui. Histoire contemporaine (9) 
(Paris: La Decouverte, 1991-1992), pp. 62-63. 

Maurice Merleau-Ponty. The Prose of the World = Prose du monde. Edited by (10) 
Claude Lefort, Translated by John O’Neill (London: Heinemann Educational, 1974), p. 22. 

• Jl ^3^" 0^ a-tA’-J A.la.d.i ^3 «iiiJl 4^*ljJ (^1 (^s) 

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jlS *G1 jJ U5 t bvJJ Aj Lj h — 4jl^jl Cj^> op' ■ (12) 

Maurice Merleau-Ponty, : _Jkil ii.UUI JJ 111 Jyu 42LSj tlc-jjL^'H’l j ilLSll iaj^kJl dUj U5 
Northwestern University Studies in Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy, 
Translated, with an Introduction by Richard C. McCleary (Evanston: Northwestern University 
Press, 1964), p. 43. 

.1987 ‘O** eOj-Lrf? sOobJI •uidaJl 


80 



J5 AjjJfcl jJaJl djLwJLaJl jli c jl) ^P^*>U1 4j ^JalJ .Xajj 

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.APwL^Jl 4jl^>- c 4 j 4jO~-taJ 1 


! ‘U^xLuj'y I JJ . jijA ^yU y JUpI 

Merleau-Ponty, Maurice. Adventures of the Dialectic. Translated Joseph Bien. 
Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1973. (Northwestern Univer- 
sity Studies in Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy) 

. Consciousness and the Acquisition of Language. Trans. Hugh J. 

Silverman. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1973. (North- 
western University Studies in Phenomenology and Existential Philoso- 
phy) 

. Humanism and Terror; an Essay on the Communist Problem = 

Humanisme et terreur. Translated and with Notes, by John O’Neill. 
Boston: Beacon Press, 1969. 

. In Praise of Philosophy. Trans. John Wild and James M. Edie. 

Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1963. (Northwestern Univer- 
sity Studies in Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy) 

. Phenomenology of Perception. Trans. Colin Smith. London: Routledge 

and Kegan Paul, 1962. 

. The Primacy of Perception, and other Essays on Phenomenological 

Psychology, the Philosophy of Art, History, and Politics. Edited with an 
Introd. by James M. Edie. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 
1964. (Northwestern University Studies in Phenomenology and Existen- 
tial Philosophy) 

. The Prose of the World = Prose du monde. Edited by Claude Lefort, 

Translated by John O’Neill. London: Heinemann Educational, 1974. 

. Sense and Non-Sense. Trans. Hubert L. Dreyfus and Patricia Allen 

Dreyfus. Evanston: Northwestern University Press. 1964. (Northwestern 
University Studies in Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy) 

. Signs. Translated, with an Introduction by Richard C. McCleary. 

Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1964. (Northwestern Univer- 
sity Studies in Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy) 


81 



. The Structure of Behaviour. Trans. Alden L. Fisher. Boston: Beacon 

Press, 1963. 

. The Visible and the Invisible = Visible et T invisible. Followed by 

Working Notes, Edited by Claude Lefort, Translated by Alphonso 
Lingis. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1968. (Northwestern 
University Studies in Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy) 

; ji 

Barral, Mary Rose. The Body in Interpersonal Relations: Merleau-Ponty. 
Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1984. 

Burke, Patrick and Jan van der Veken. Merleau-Ponty in Contemporary 
Perspectives. (Collection of Papers Presented at an International 
Symposium on Merleau-Ponty Held in 1991). Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer 
Academic Publishers, 1993. 

Basch, Thomas W. and Shaun Gallagher (eds.). Merleau-Ponty, Hermeneutics, 
and Postmodernism. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992. 

Descombes, Vincent. Modern French Philosophy. Trans. L. Scott-Fox and J. 
M. Harding. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980. 

Dosse, Francois. Histoire du structuralisme . Paris: Editions la decouverte, 
1991-1992. 2 vols. (Textes a l’appui. Serie histoire contemporaine) 

Vol. 1 : Le Champ du signe. 

Husserl, Edmund. Ideas ; General Introduction to Pure Phenomenology. 
Translated by W. R. Boyce Gibson. New York: Collier Books, 1962. 

Johnson, Galen A. and Michael B. Smith (eds.). Ontology and Alterity in 
Merleau-Ponty. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press, 1990. 

Langer, Monika M. Merleau-Ponty’s Phenomenology of Perception: A Guide 
and Commentary. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1989. 

Schmidt, James. Maurice Merleau-Ponty: Between Phenomenology and 
Structuralism. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1985. 


82 





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.189 t *u~Aj j Jbstal l (2) 

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o jAjCio Lo_^-l c 4_^-jLdl 4jiUl ^l»>-lo ^-> Lla i > <L^5ji^JljjJl Ajilllj ^jjLJI •sjjJaj j| 

Louis Althusser, Reading Capital , by Etienne Balibar, Translated by : ^ i h^^JUsjIl* 

Ben Brewster (London: New Left Books, 1968), p. 130. 

.(1975 *0— > t v_iyLiJl jj) *— 'hS* AjaI ^dil) 

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ob ljul ^-*j V (^^SoJi jl) > U J l '-La JU© L)b ^j>-L>o Jj>cj (, Atf 11a ^Jl 

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• 4_j A. J -' U OJ^ll I . .1 ^a:.\ 1 4jilil ^9 Js! (j&) 

Louis Althusser, For Marx , Penguin University Books, Translated by Ben Brewster (4) 
(Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1969), p. 33, 


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.11 4 _ ; u 5 t<L-i J-Uail (5) 

Louis Althusser, Lenin and Philosophy, and Other Essays , Translated from the French (6) 
by Ben Brewster (London: New Left Books, 1971), pp. 121-173. 

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Louis Althusser: L’ Avenir dare longtemps; suivi de les fails, ed. etablie et presentee par (8) 
Olivier Corpet et Yann Moulier Boutang (Paris: Stock/ IMEC, 1992), and The Future Lasts a 
Long Time , Trans. Richard Veasey (London: Chatto and Windus, 1993). 


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Althusser, Louis. L’ Avenir dure longtemps; suivi de les fails. Ed. etablie et 
presentee par Olivier Corpet et Yann Moulier Boutang. Paris: Stock/ 
IMEC, 1992. 

. Essays in Self-Criticism. Translated by Grahame Lock. London: NLB, 

1976. 

. For Marx. Translated by Ben Brewster. Harmondsworth: Penguin 

Books, 1969. (Penguin University Books) 

. The Future Lasts a Long Time. Trans. Richard Veasey. London: 

Chatto and Windus, 1993. 

. Lenin and Philosophy, and Other Essays. Translated from the French 

by Ben Brewster. London: New Left Books, 1971. 

. Philosophie et philosophie spontanee des savants. Paris: F. Maspero, 

1974. (Theorie. Cours de philosophie pour scientifiques) 

, Politics and History: Montesquieu, Rousseau, Hegel and Marx. 

Translated from the French by Ben Brewster. London: NLB, 1972. 

. Positions, 1964-1975. Paris: Editions sociales, 1976. 

. Reading Capital. By Etienne Baiibar. Translated by Ben Brewster. 

London: New Left Books, 1968. 


i iiLsd olf-l 

Benton, Ted. The Rise and Fall of Structural Marxism: Althusser and his 
Influence. London: Macmillan, 1984. (Theoretical Traditions in the Social 
Sciences) (Contemporary Social Theory) 

Callinicos, Alex. Althusser’s Marxism. London: Pluto Press, 1976. 

Eribon, Didier. Michel Foucault: 1926-1984. Paris: Flammarion, 1989. 
Kaplan, E. Ann and Michael Sprinker (eds.). The Althusserian Legacy. 
London; New York: Verso, 1993. 

Smith, Steven B. Reading Althusser: an Essay on Structural Marxism. Ithaca: 
Cornell University Press, 1984. 


94 



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: 5-^U-Sft J^l JU-pI 

Benveniste, Emile. Indo-European Language and Society = Vocabulaire des 
institutions indo-europeennes. Summaries, Table and Index by Jean Lallot; 
Translated by Elizabeth Palmer. London: Faber, 1973. (Studies in 
General Linguistics) 

. Les Infinitifs avestiques. Paris: Adrien- Maisonneuve, 1935. 

. Noms d’ agent et noms d’ action en indo-europeen. Paris: Adrien- 

Maisonneuve, 1948. 


Benveniste, Problems in General Linguistics , p. 72. (6) 


100 



. Origines de la formation des noms en indo-europeen. Paris: Adrien- 

Maisonneuve, 1935. 

. Problemes de linguistique generate. Paris: Gallimard, 1974. 2 vols. 

. Problems in General Linguistics. Translated by Mary Elizabeth Meek. 

Coral Gables, Florida: University of Miami Press, 1971. (Miami 
Linguistics Series; no. 8) 

. Tit res et noms propres en iranien ancien. Paris: C. Klincksieck, 1966. 

(Travaux de l’institut d’etudes iraniennes de l’universite de Paris; 1) 

: ol*l ji 

Lotringer, Sylvere and Thomas Gora (eds.). Polyphonic Linguistics: The Many 
Voices of Emile Benveniste. The Hague: Mouton, 1981. (Semiotica; 1981 
Special Supplement) 


101 



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. LgiJ *}LiLw»j V ^p Oj j^ilia Jl*S"Lj ?c^5vJ ol - jyj-llj _ ajL^J-aLI a^Loj^-^I 

<* f (■ 

Lijjl aJ-^P i)\ Lv5” 4 AjL-L-fl-ll ^3 ^Lo jA A^Jii L] tLiJj 

lj-4» oL Lo^-a/? j2 . j 1^1 ^ *L^Jw<j ^ ^ J-.T, > w 1 jLi-a^i ! j> »,<g L 1 o ^>Li ^jl 

4 *4 jl ^1 j-wLl ^3 ob” ►! t AlapxUl oJl^ ^3 Lo jJ la ^JlS j>a Oj-jLaJI 
.Allp AlJLAL>z] ^j) Llga O-^SL iiLft AjI 4 Ala LjLal^Jj (0^^* 

^pL^JL>-'yi ^^JlU A^ajJ aL^-^I L )1 A-^3 k»lb^> ^ L>»a^ 

ol Vl . w— -’U ai^Jl ^a AjiLl>ta ^4 ^L AaL*JLoJ| «LP O ^ 3 *^0 lift Lit I ^-ft 

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.^Lg-saVl lL_ft j-sA 3 ^3 oOj-1>- Aj ^iaj 


! 4miL«i*^I1 jUj (JL^pI 


Bourdieu, Pierre. Algeria I960: The Disenchantment of the World: The Sense of 
Honour: The Kabyle House or the World Reversed: Essays. Translated by 
Richard Nice. Cambridge [Eng.]; New York: Cambridge University 
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. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste — La 

Distinction. Translated by Richard Nice. London; New York: Routledge 
and Kegan Paul, 1986. 

. The Field of Cultural Production: Essays on Art and Literature. Edited 

and Introduced by Randal Johnson. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1993 

. Homo Academicus. Translated by Peter Collier. Cambridge: Polity 

Press in Association with Basil Blackwell, 1988. 

. In Other Words: Essays Towards a Reflexive Sociology. Translated by 

Matthew Adamson. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990. 

. Language and Symbolic Power. Edited and Introduced by John B. 

Thompson; Translated by Gino Raymond and Matthew Adamson. 
Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991. 

. The Logic of Practice = Sens pratique. Translated by Richard Nice. 

Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990. 

. La Noblesse d'etat: Grandes ecoles et esprit de corps. Paris: Les 

Editions de minuit, 1989. (Le Sens commun) 

. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Translated by Richard Nice. 

Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1977. (Cambridge 
Studies in Social Anthropology; 16) 

. The Political Ontology of Martin Heidegger. Translated by Peter 

Collier. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991. 

. Sociologie de I’Algerie. Seconde edition. Paris: PUF, 1962. 

. «Structuralism and Theory of Sociological knowledge.)) Social 

Research . vol. 35, no. 4, Winter 1968. 

, Jean-Claude Chamboredon and Jean-Claude Passeron. The Craft of 

Sociology: Epistemological Preliminaries = Metier de sociologue. Edited 
by Beate Krais; Translated by Richard Nice. Berlin; New York: Walter 
de Gruyter, 1991. 

and Jean-Claude Passeron. The Inheritors: French Students and their 

Relation to Culture. Translated by Richard Nice. Chicago: University of 
Chicago Press, 1979. 

and Jean-Claude Passeron. Reproduction in Education, Society and 

Culture - Reproduction. Translated from the French by Richard Nice; 
with a Foreword by Tom Bottomore. London; Beverly Hills: Sage 
Publications, 1977. (Sage Studies in Social and Educational Change; 
vol. 5) 

— — and Loi'c J. D. Wacquant. An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology. 
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992. 


: SJUil oUl y 

Austin-Broos, Diane J. (ed.). Creating Culture: Profiles in the Study of culture. 
With a Foreword by Bruce Kapferer. Sydney; Boston: Allen and Unwin, 
1987. 


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Harker, Richard [et al.] (eds.). Introduction to the Work of Pierre Bourdieu: The 
Practice of Theory. Edited by Cheleen Mahar and Chris Wilkes. 
Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1990. 

Jenkins, Richard. Pierre Bourdieu. London; New York: Routledge, 1992. (Key 
Sociologists) 

Mukerji, Chandra and Michael Schudson (eds.). Rethinking Popular Culture: 
Contemporary Perspectives in Cultural Studies. Berkeley: University of 
California Press, 1991. 

Robbins, Derek. The Work of Pierre Bourdieu: Recognizing Society. Milton 
Keynes: Open University Press, 1991. 


110 



Noam Chomsky 0 iC -»md f jju 


31 bbta ^L*_o-3 t 3-b ^LbJl ^La-lb (1)15 lij 

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r>~ 


(Leonard jJui^j-L 3jbjJ Jb oLdLJJl AajjJJ L ys-3 .1 _^bb jbS'l 

153 ^1 ^ oLJLJJl bSjJLJl y ri yyS\ axpjJ c^L» ^jJl Bloomfield) 
(Zellig Harris) A> ^ obib^l J*>b>- 

4->L>t^-j jJlS"! L Jww^wo_>tJ 1 A_^^L-«aJI 4j2_9I ^-o-J I J-3^ 


.AjjbUl AjjbJl ^-£3 Alb ^iaj 


aJI ^JaJl j, s^L*-oJl ^ 3 j oULJJl { y (jl 

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^Ju ^bJl ^ yL^Ji I jj* j (Deep Structure) «aLwwJI ajJUj SjJuLJIj o^liSblb 

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bi _ b-w>- J5 wj p g a j Lajj^p _ (Ubj/U) j ^o^biSUP) ^-o 3} t UlU 

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111 



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. (Agency 

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*LjLLXJI ^LJ. ^(1969) {American Power) ^L-Sb^a^l o^JaJ! : ^XxJl 

{Human 4-^jy>Sll jLJ^ll 3 j^~ -(1973) ( Backroom Boys) 

: o JI ^ ( 1978) Rights and American Foreign Policy) 

{The Fateful Triangle: The United jj ; : . la... LDIj J-Jl y*\j SXp w LoJ' jJI 
jSCiJl ^^Jlp S ^L^Jl ^Uj! H States, Israel and the Palestinians) (1983) 

{Necessary Illusions: Thought Control in ^L^I j JL^-.>X-)l o L « — «— I 
{Deterring Democracy) V ( 1 989) Democratic Societies) 

.(1991) 

(jbT xl L/3 j a a>- - 4_^L-wvJi AjslSbX ^3 J^S ^jXj jX-j b> 

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Jjxll j ^XcdJ y s y- j xJ> (Robert Faurisson) Jj— jj ji x> ^lX\J 

xij ( JSbX u-»U53l lx* £ta Jij) j^-jUJl L^xXxJ jlxJL 

4_^oLwwbSl OjJX ^9 Jjxjl ^Jl j^-JJl bb j5UJl 1 Xrf-O-1 I ^Ji II* «aJw^P ^9 XXX 
. y>~ IX& cj'i <bjNl ^J5\j £-<>XmJ jl t. — j>tj 

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4jl LiULx d^ob*- olj ^xSi o^Lgx JLi aj\ 

j>l_p xx j ,j»1955j 1951 xx y L^-j 


^1 (MIT) «U>- jX5bdJ 


XjLw^Lo ^ y >jX xXl a 1955 


. jjXzj 4jl cJ-Aj ^SXxO jXj olpj^a 1-bA ^JX (i|f) 

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.1976 ^»Ip iili* AjSliy^l JL JiSj tjNl 

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(_$JiJ!j aJ j~S .J^P Jji jl5 C ^sljJl ^3 ._ 1958 A-Jj'i/I 4*111 !4 j^**JI AjI jlP 

a£jJw>JI a*UI ^p c^jL5j as^>-j jb\ jjt o'yi ^il j-*^j-j 

^jA j^ixJl ^jA <1)15" Jiis (JLjIw?L jJI j ^LoJL^I ( ^j. I j^-> .( 195 1 ) 

a5-u ^5j oLajj_p ^JJL«) ^Ja-L^ J l pLo-Lp (JLo-pl > c-j ol t JCj i)js 

» L »j-fel ^J-p c * Jj») ajL^*>L3JIj ISJil&j 

^jLaJI J-J_aJI v — ’V>*-^\ ^jA <l*_UI ^Lo-Lp^ AjL^»*!>\_aJL a>jLo-Ia1 ^jA jtS\ aia j-^5 
c->LLl5 ^LoJLaNI Ula JJL« ji LoJT (Continental Tradition) 

^ <ui» ^oljwaJl JjLo« ^P v — J jA j-CJ oil LL-^I ^L^a jJU 

(1) I Jl>o wU Jl5 p- L^jJ I J L>J I L>»^3 c a3 j_>- ^Lp_^ . A^-^JaJ 1 ^ ^-LJ 1 

j-jJl j ejill j*£\ .J^JJ ^j^5o c^LlLJJl aj^SLJ! oLaLkIaNI 

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(2) 

IjjJLii L»5 _ 4jjli<Jl oJla . «Ljj 4J0 l$J o">LJjcJIj ol p-j j_jjL<JIj 
: (Notation) OjjoJI ijLjl* j>lJJo~d) LLw LjJLJ ^juoJ _ Ui,! jioJl ^ 
j»l_LiO~.l) OiJLs^a A-> l~ySJ (jj-° oL«!>L<<JI .j-4 OtfiU*- 
I4I5 oJlaj (Idealisation) (iJliJl i]b-Nl jl SJUuSlO HiJ&j (^>- iJLu! 

j 0^-^-) Oj^- (^I^JIjj t<U^jwb Lg_il 61 

c(L^j ji ^Aiu) j^l ^5UI cuj jij c^ 3 Ai aJL^p-I d)l 

^0 J\ jj>~ 6 j_>-jJl Aj J j>tj La I j-Ll5" oLS" ^5L^_a j_j*j L )1 j-^-P 

ji>-l -i-J-aj < yp I ^-6j Jl5 

1^ •> *«J t yl L J 1 AjJJl ^ <-L>tZ^wv-a (_)l (. jL»5 . ,- 5-1^03 ^-wv- l ^JLA 1 C ^^ 3 


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Jl 


• ULlaj^j t-l'.tl.^iLi (^s 1 ) 

Noam Chomsky, Language and Responsibility: Based on Conversations with Mitsou (1) 
Ronat, Translated from the French by John Viertel (New York: Pantheon Books, 1979), pp. 58- 
59. 


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tl)j djjljj . .LJ^J Of- U5CJI oJla (jl^aLj ^yJi-UJl 

( jS' jJ- m2j ^xJl 4_jjj_>*jJl I^J_P (J^L*_) ^JJi 

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«• f. - 

t _ r U V_jl _}SjJ_j t'UUl ^ ||L^ (_yJ| j'ill JixJ 

£_jj yk y >^] I jl : (Generative Grammar) < ( (_s-kJ^JI _p<Jl jvit» 0 ^So 

L^J-j |^} <c— jL— ^1 j^»a jJI jl 3 -Aj>*jj t— 3 ^jcj ^rJ! -LpI jJLU 4— jL— <* i/l 4 j > 1 j jS/ ' ^jj* 
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(j) .aL—Jl 4x>^ ^J_oj>t)l j^a 3-tP r-LLj ajjLill oa-La^JI o^X* 

= Generator j_a j ~ 1 U ^ 11 . L^Sjj t (_ja_J y = Generative a-J-S’ 

Jio _ (Generating Function) ((4 jJlJ_jJ aJb» * j-i j ^1 , js}* ^-X*j .JJ y> 

jj>cJ ! pJ-p yl3 <Ji'yuj . , alii ja ^ iii jl) y> 1 _jx!l «2x + 3y-z» 

oJub *aJj_j 4_P J-Xpx_i X-pl ^LP 4 _jLj ^ . i — i ^Jtjl 

- << (3) . 

^jJ) ipj-^Ox-a (^ _^JlJ ^ x)l) _p*Jl * ®^-P 

4j Lw^P 4»Jo I 1 t -eJljLaJl 4jL>«Jl ^3 t L^l-a oJL>-l_j t Aj^wJl 4-o3-*^^Ji 

(Semantic) 3 /^j yj^> j^~~^J k (Surface Structure) -c-oj t 

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iwjaJj^>JI zS 5jJ La-— a>- - 4— — JJ ^1 Jjl 4 j*^Ij jj-o jl ^j^aj (_£J— J^aJI 

: ( Syntactic Structures ) -L—^ - yJl ijj^xJl ^xJl 


jj> <ul : (Finite State Grammar) o3jJl>wJI aJL>JL ^U- y>^> ^Jlp _ 1 


Noam Chomsky, Language and Mind, Enl. ed. (New York: Harcourt Brace (3) 
Jovanovich, 3 1972), p. 126. 

. J 1 .i a *' j ■ ‘ .*d : (4) 


1 J 4 



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(Phrase Structure iJU-^Jl <u_J. jl SjLyJl 4 .^ 5 ^-Lp - 2 
LLo_>b-L) 4 ^>s-]ia-s^J I 4 _^^wLJ *u ^-$ s--»~Jl L-*dl w j 3 ^J-va ^ > J-jLaj y^j • Grammar) 

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_yj oJl aj J^Jl lJu j) (Old «Men and Women») «*L J j jLS" JU-j» 4 Mi* 
(Old ol ^^5 «-Ls— ij jLS" <JL>-j jl ^Lwjj (jLS^ <1)1 ((Lyons) 

. «Men and Women») 


Laj oJljjs : (Transformational Grammar) l _ 5 _L> j^jJI ^_Lp _ 3 

yj jb ( j_p I ld_a 4 OwLj J_>- 4«j^j 

(String j ya jjl ya Ja-j j-Jj jl LL^_Lx) Ja^Jl ^.Lp “Ujli j_p!jJjJI *lpj_o-?w 3 
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Chomsky, Noam. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 
1965. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Research Laboratory of 
Electronics. Special Technical Report; no. 1 1) 


. Cartesian Linguistics: A Chapter in the History of Rationalist Thought . 


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. Chomsky: Selected Readings. Edited by J. P. B. Allen and Paul Van 

Buren. London; New York: Oxford University Press, 1971. (Language 
and Language Learning; 31) 

. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory. The Hague: Mouton, 1964. (Janua 

Linguarum Series Minor; no. 38) 

. Language and Mind. Enl. ed. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 

1972. 

. Language and Problems of Knowledge: The Managua Lectures. 

Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1988. (Current Studies in Linguistics 
Series; 16) 

. Language and Responsibility: Based on Conversations with Mitsou 

Ronat. Translated from the French by John Viertel. New York: Pantheon 
Books, 1979. 

. The Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory. New York: Plenum Press, 

1975. 

. Reflections on Language. London: Temple Smith [etc.], 1976. 

. Rules and Representations. New York: Columbia University Press, 

1980. (Woodbridge Lectures Delivered at Columbia University; no. 11, 
1978) 

. Studies on Semantics in Generative Grammar. The Hague: Mouton, 

1972. (Janua Linguarum Series Minor; 107) 

. Syntactic Structures. The Hague: Mouton, 1957. (Janua Linguarum 

Series Minor; no. 4) 

and Morris Halle. The Sound Pattern of English. New York: Harper 

and Row, 1968. (Studies in language) 


: ol« I Ji 

Botha, Rudolf P. Challenging Chomsky: The Generative Garden Game. Oxford, 
UK; New York, USA: B. Blackwell, 1989. 

George, Alexander (ed.). Reflections on Chomsky. Cambridge, Mass.: Basil 
Blackwell, 1990. 

Lyons, John. Chomsky. 2nd ed. Hassocks: Harvester Press, 1977. 

Modgil, Sohan and Celia Modgil (eds.). Noam Chomsky: Consensus and 
Controversy. New York: Falmer Press, 1987. (Falmer International 
Master-Minds Challenged; 3) 

Radford, Andrew. Transformational Syntax: A Student’s Guide to Chomsky's 
Extended Standard Theory. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge Uni- 
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119 



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Georges Dumezil, Mythes el dieux des indo-europeens, champs; 232. L’Essentiel, textes (1) 
reunis et presentes par Herve Coutau-Begarie (Paris: Flammarion, 1992), p. 240, 


123 



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Interview with Francois Ewald,” Magazine litteraire , no. 229 (April 1986), p. 16. (2) 

Jean-Claude Milner, “Le Programme dumezilien,” Magazine litteraire, no. 229 : j la .il (3) 

(April 1986), pp. 22-24. 


125 



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Georges Dumezil, Entretiens avec Didier Eribon , collection folio/ essais; 51 (Paris: : j&>\ (4) 
Gallimard, 1987), pp. 120-122. 


126 



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Ajjj 


; <u**i lull'll ^jj^r l)L*^I 

Dumezil, Georges. Apollon sonore, et autres essais: Vingt-cinq esquisses de 
mythologie. Paris: Gallimard, 1982. (Bibliotheque des sciences humaines) 

. The Destiny of a King. Translated by Alf Hiltebeitel. Chicago: 

University of Chicago Press, 1988. 

. Les Dieux souverains des indo-europeens. Paris: Gallimard, 1977. 

(Bibliotheque des sciences humaines) 

. Entretiens avec Didier Eribon. Paris: Gallimard, 1987. (Collection 

folio/ essais; 51) 

. Le Festin d’immortalite . Etude de mythologie comparee indo-europe- 

enne. Paris: P. Geuthner, 1924. (Annales du musee Guimet. Bibliotheque 
d’etudes; tome 34) 

. Flamen- Brahman. Paris: P. Geuthner, 1935. (Annales du musee 

Guimet. Bibliotheque de vulgarization; tome 51) 

. Gods of the Ancient Northmen. Edited by Einar Haugen; introd. by C. 

Scott Littleton and Udo Strutynski. Berkeley: University of California 
Press, 1973. (University of California at Los Angeles. Center for the 
Study of Comparative Folklore and Mythology. Publications; 3) 

. Histoires romaines. Paris: Gallimard, 1973. 

. Idees romaines. Paris: Gallimard, 1968. 

. L’ldeologie des trois fonctions dans les epopees des peuples indo- 

europeens. Paris: Gallimard, 1968. 

. Jupiter, Mars, Quirinus: Essai sur la conception indo-europeenne de la 

societe et sur les origines de Rome. Paris: Gallimard, 1941. (La Montagne 
Sainte-Genevieve; 1 (Br.): 42 F) 

. Mitra-Varuna: An Essay on Two Indo-European Representations of 

Sovereignty. Translated by Derek Coltman. New York: Zone Books, 
1988. 

. Mythes et dieux des indo-europeens. Textes reunis et presentes par 

Herve Coutau-Begarie. Paris: Flammarion, 1992. (Champs; 232. L’Es- 
sentiel) 

. Ouranos-Varuna: Etude de mythologie comparee indo-europeenne. 

Paris: Adrien Maisonneuve, 1934. 


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— . The Stakes of the Warrior. Translated by David Weeks; Edited, with 
an Introduction, by Jaan Puhvel. Berkeley: University of California Press, 
1983. 

— . Types epiques indo-europeens: Un Heros. un sorcier, un roi. Paris: 
Gallimard, 1971. 


: VU>I oU ji 

Belier, Wouter W. Decayed Gods: Origin and Development of Georges DumeziTs 
«Ideologie tripartie». Leiden; New York: E. J. Brill, 1991. (Studies in 
Greek and Roman Religion, 0169-9512; vol. 7) 

"Interview with Francois Ewald.» Magazine litteraire: no. 229, April 1986. 
Littleton, C. Scott. The New Comparative Mythology; an Anthropological 
Assessment of the Theories of Georges Dumezil. Berkeley: University of 
California Press, 1966. 

Milner, Jean-Claude. «Le Programme dumezilien.» Magazine litteraire: no. 
229, April 1986. 


128 



Gerard Genette 





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Gerard Genette, Figures J, poetique (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1972), p. 68. (1) 


129 



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Gerard Genette, Figures 2, essais (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1969), p. 17. (2) 

Jacques Derrida, “La Mythologie blanche,” poetique, no. 5 (1971). (3) 


130 



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Genette, Figures 3, p. 74. 


(4) 


134 



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Gerard Genette, Mimologiques: Voyage en Cratylie , poetique (Paris: Editions du Seuil, (5) 

1976), p. 25. 


135 



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Gerard Genette, Palimpsestes: La Litterature au second degre , poetique (Paris: Seuil, (6) 
1982), p. 13. 


136 



a_^>- lj ^5” __ ( <LJ IiJ L^U^j _ <up 

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! 4. .iLa^fl Q. ■l.’V j\ j~J>- JL^ftl 

Genette, Gerard. The Architext: An Introduction = Introduction a Varchitexte. 
Translated by Jane E. Lewin; with a Foreword by Robert Scholes. 
Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992. (Quantum Books) 

. Fiction and Diction = Fiction et diction. Translated by Catherine 

Porter. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993. 

. Figures [1]: Essais. Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1966. 

. Figures 2. essais. Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1969. 

. Figures 3. Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1972. (Poetique) 

. Figures of Literary Discourse. Translated by Alan Sheridan; 

Introduction by Marie-Rose Logan. New York: Columbia University 
Press, 1982. (European Perspectives) 

. Mimologiques: Voyage en Cratylie. Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1976. 

(Poetique) 

. Narrative Discourse: An Essay in Method. Trans. Jane E. Lewin. New 

York: Cornell University Press, 1979. 

. Narrative Discourse Revisited. Translated by Jane E. Lewin. Ithaca, 

N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1990. 

. Palimpsestes: La Litter ature au second degre. Paris: Seuil, 1982. 

(Poetique) 

— . Paratexte. mit einem Vorwort von Harald Weinrich; aus dem 
Franzvon Dieter Hornig. Frankfurt; New York; Paris: Ed. de la maison 
des sciences de l’homme, 1989. 

. Seuils. Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1987. (Poetique) 


: 5JU»I olftl ji 

Derrida, Jacques. «La Mythologie blanche. » Poetique: no. 5, 1971. 

Mosher, Harold. «The Structuralism of G. Genette. » Poetics : vol. 5, no. 1, 
1976. 

Smith, Barbara Herrnstein. «Narrative Versions, Narrative Theories. » Critical 
Inquiry: Autumn 1980. 


137 



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Roman Jakobson, Selected Writings , 6 vols., ed. Stephen Rudy (The Hague; Berlin: (1) 
Mouton Publishers, 1981-1988), vol. 6: Early Slavic Paths and Crossroads , p. 85. 

. jJLsdll (2) 
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^ jjty *- L^aJ j!) (Differentially) i _^L^laJ J-wJ 

_» aaLjCjjJ! aij j-^-) ^-^y i) jS\^yA *2JJ3 Jl^ -Li J . ( Lg_i ^,i?L>“) 

.0L3I l^p ^1 t (Distinctive Feature) 


139 



jiL* ^ — >y>« Jl LjUl t oL.lJ> jLJl y>-\j\ ^y 

^_4 o jbu ypL^j yS ^y » .ii L oj I oJ \j 0->y*%JI ^Jl jLL- 

JjikJI 4 jJ Jul ^Jl aL>_p JLi j .ajjJJJI y&lfujS apL^- j (Louis Hjelmslev) 

wUj^J! y Ay^£J! ^Jlaj L^LLI oUKlIj yLp SjjULil jIjlaaj 

0 I (J^>> aJI .iijyyo (_Pi Ly-j ^J^- 9 ® y-*ly y 1941 -. 1940 ^y 

01 Nl t Ay-j^_JLjl Ay ^jj| 4JL9*A-P >ww^.i AyjLLLl ^j»aL>tJLl A^*x-y (jLS” 

MIT j ^j13jLa ^yLa-aly- ^y AJL^PJ ^^-L-P ^j-s ^ ->~ AjLyJl ^y {Jy~yyS\j>- 
y Ajlij y^>- ALuySlI oJ-pxi<Jl c-’LMjJI y yL j i (L>~jJy5LlJ 

- 1 982 j»l p 

Aj Jj>r_J ly^J .3 yjjJl y» ll) yjJl ^y yoj_*dJl ^Jjl jl yo Oy~J jLLf (jL" 

LLLLI aJL>- ^y L *S _ a*JJI aaS? j L^y jlyj ydl y ^JaJl j a*Jl1I c-aL«^ 51 ya *AL 
oJ iLyJ L~y ji\ ^LoJbSlI jj? L* j .*>L° t (Aphasia) j»>^3l p ojJJLlI jlJLs jl 
ojIail^N Lj 4_a_L*jL<»Jl <up jUI JISLi'A! ^y o^L<wO ajj_*JJI ajLJ y^LL y*-jL- 
.(^jLJl Lr ^iJ yJl) (Metonymy) LLClLj (ajLLI yJl) (Metaphor) 

^j— «-»f j ^o— ll jLfwfcjl J A_jL_£D| ,J-*-> -LL>tLI N 4_j) Oy^^tyS L>- <Jj3- d .- > J? 

tJiLl y *y>Jl jL-*-uL aj L ^iyL t LLSLl Ji* ^yjJI t (Synecdoche) 
L_Lo cCaluLJL £-1 yLl aS^Ap Jio) ^J^Jl j *y>sJl yo AJb-b a3*Ap yo.v?.^ aJI ^ll 
^ill 4jj _> ^iaJl o| .(iw*JlSsll-> |»-Dl a^^Lp ^JLj) <i'yL*-il o ^jh^ll 

LLSUl ^43 aJJJI AjLt j ^Jlp Jlp ojJlaJI J Li y Jl^Ltl I4J 

4 0jLcL^ S yi c,Jfl-9 ^1 i (JljLJLwaNlj f-Lilj^l a£\j* ^j3 jL^JNI L^y j ^yjl 

lM S^ 1 JjVl .^yLSUl c-JaJUl ^1 t Jj>-Ij (JL-^ yL^lj 
^J-p J^Li2->«Jl ^y LL^a^j iiL-A ijl LI t^yyjJl ^j-*JJl w<>Jl 

» — ;jLli I 2i*>Vp J tcJj'Al ^^yaJ Aj LLjI AJ^AjO iAjyJJl olJ-P-jJl ^LL^aJ 

l/ 

iw^i> AjI Nl ®<J (jj! (Shifter) ^y^_^A«^Jl .,.^^11 £yI>E_> pj AjI 

L oyj Js?LjjI ixJyj c ^Jy^ajixllj y j.la.^1 L o y^^S'L?*- aJjLo aaJJI * — ^lyr y* y~l 

Aw 2 J>t-jJi yL-*-aJl ^y aL>-*j ^ yAj ^^->^ 1 ^- 11 ^ ,(_ 3 LaaJ| ^3 I ®J^- 1 ^ 

p-Ljl ^y . ^llL-Aj LwAj LU^j cJL&w ®jLi^/l aLo-^Ij (^cJI. . . o~>l j Ll) 
j! yJl oLLla*,^? H yl - t( oN y^cuJl^ ^»Ijl»^Ux! jl ia^-*Aj aXIII ^jL^S'I 


140 



.^j. iJaJl Lf* CjIjJ-JLJI j^-a j_a _ 3W"** ^1 ^_3 J > 1 j a _j 

LaIl*^s (Enunciative) j*^*ll <w?L>- ojjygj )a*j y d->jljp , tioJlj 

<La-mJ Lo ^Jfcj .4^9 d-Ojj ^JJl (3^-*^^ (Jj-*-*- 1 4_)l_*_JL~j ^j_5v_^_) jl 

jl J UL*>» jl J .(Duplex Structure) fto-jjj^Jl ajJI» jj— o^br 

^-iScuJl (Jjjll ^/i>s^Jl (( LI " ) J-djJl jl oyijJl Jj>-Ij 

oj j«/2,} 4_*JJl (*Jj>xS-+~j jl J»$\J <^y> oj/jj>w>Jlj .(^l*jiJl 

ojL^«_) ,4_i_Ul { ^\ ^djbJl <cLa ^JJi jL£bJl 3-^s-jo lj-5s jtij c <Lo J 

Ja-*^> jl Ju j/ (L’Etat c’est moi) jJ, J l Ul» J_La 4_L^ ^ g i ) ^ ^1 

43Ls«^j/b (aJL-^^JI Jj O^Lj jl I «J-> jl (^l) ijl~JJ I^-^mJS_» 

^-*-o b^5j . jj- a ^j| jl 3 j -jLjlJI {£jJL~^a ^_Lp JL^j; Jl oLJPJl ^.L*^ 

^Jj y^Lj 4_)Lvw j}\ Ool5" tal I-LJL*j jJL$*l ^-^j-ll jj-^J jl <• L)y**j jSly 

«L|»») ^A aJL^^JI J\ 0yJL+3\ Jya j}\ jl ^A W Lj I )) )) ) ‘ JJ-* J 

.(ft i Lj I 

j-A ft M )) ) CS'H b I J-«^-Ll t wii-b iiLv^j/b 

d-wwvj Lil® 313) .^Jl j - w> ^ J jl jr^-^— 1 b)L^*i jJl^ ^-P^X*<>J| I 

(j^o jJl ^1 <LJ> -S') ft jbjUU <Jh-i\ ^Jl Jj jl jj>c_L^Jl t p-pl °J J-* ,/S,) «(®Lol3 

jLJjl yy pJiluJl .JpLixJl ^A OiJJl j jJJbjj t(J J-bll ^j-*-s) ft^j^^Jl 

.^i»i fbijj j ^\j 


olj-CdJl y>~\j\ JJ 1 jl jj>CL^Jl ^I,Jj>«lLwuI jli c4j>-jJJ^iJl 4_J»J| c Juft CvwtJj 
jt. S\ j jl -i-*-jl y 9 IjJ t4_i_\J| k__jl_^vJXS"l ‘LwLo^C- ^j.tf.lfl.1 1 1$ *.,.tf_o ^-bl 

j» jV5bl J-& OjJ^Jl jlj-19 4Jb>“ J .4_iJJ ^jljJl J\ <wJL>eJl ^y> ftboljb^ 
Li Jzj> lilj .< — jL^2_oJ| ^o>b-JL]I eJj-Aj La jjl ojl jj>tJLoJJ ^»|j->«JL^ jl I Uuk j j-^b 
- APjl? <19 0 jLp oj/ Jj>wjl jL Jj^Jl L jLJj 4jjJjj>«_a 4_j jl j yo l^-Jl 

L^5 j-« JL^pI ^ (Floating Signifier) ftb^JbJI 4«ajLjJ|)) La x?- ^Jl d^jj 


jl JK° J-U /^5bkj „ cujl 


jr 4 ™ 




IJCLa 


^ (T^k 


^<1 4_JloP j jt>* />-a . jl _ J 3 -^ La^wJ 

dJJJu j c oliL^Jl ^^lj | J~^d 


Jakobson, “Shifters, Verbal Categories and the Russian Verb,” in: Jakobson, Selected (4) 
Writings, vol. 2: Word and Language , pp. 130-131. 


141 



A*JJl _ yS - 0 <iajl j}\ ^JjLwW J^' 

A>«lgJ OJ_p (1) J-^, jS\j^- 4j>*j>*-}i\ ^y ^3*^M ^-Lp 

IJL-J o-L*jLo^ 4 4_iJJ A>^>*_> jLlJlj 4 ^pUjL>-^I < il_*_>''b/[ (jLipU 

^ (*-4-*^ <-a\ a . /9 \ ^iJl) ytj J-P j 4 aJ j-P APlb ^ . «^iU 

*A^-I No N aJI ^jS o j-wvj ^5”L>- p_pj c AiaJLJI oJu <J (-o^Loj ^L*J l 


^IJJI fLLlS'NLj cc^lijVl c-Jj ^1 ^^p^I J-3 }) 


! J_^aj 


j. */S * » P 4 <C^P L*JLj>- N ! AO-Jl O' AjJ L j (I)' cJo' 1 -' >t - J La® 

AJL3*ycP^o ^j-A-j' <jL>x-a <jN 4 j-y*CLa j_A>0 ^ ji>-Nl ^v^LL^JI £Lp^kJ>- ^J-pLfllj 

(^iLoSLILo) ^gl j->- ^^iOj aJL>- ^3 l ^., * .> ,»>■ a*pL*o>-N 1 A- j > ^ U ^ ^>-N' coL ^^-oJLf 

<L*Jl „/? Q >1 4 aJL*->sJI AjL^I? ^J l <A_J^A-4JL*^I j-& 4_Jl jPJjj aJJLoj U> O j •r b 

• <6) «o^ 

1 U^P l_jJ I j)' - 4_j 4_a_«_la^_]l 4 JiJl N . <J ^ - A - > A_^A?^\_>*Jl ^_3 

c-o y>c~\ ^ aj^SLJI j Ai jiaixJl JlSLiNl ^ ol - (Poeticity) 

L^o y^ ^yT" ^ j-^LJLJIo *0^3 ^Jl !-La aj*!)L *jj j} y~-\ jS L>- ^L^jl&I ^Lp 

A_^o*}L*_il 4f-LwOV'o C-'Lo-L^Ji - A_*JJl o' -iljOj LoJJwP 4_i_Ul A-^'j.5 ^a 

Jcy -La-o^-J UjI aJcUI ^3 4jLs^I?-L * Jjjliaij N - aJ| jLt^Jl jl (J jJ-OkJi j 

£j' ji'j aaJJ' ^ ^U^Jl l-i-ft oj. !Ajli Oy~> jj 5^L>- ^jbuj .aJNoJU 

N J 4 ‘U-abj^ Aj y>- j\ A S j>- y N ^asLj Oj^ Aj'y 4 1 Jj>- 

aJT A^*>1_jJ1j j> Ai^UJl Jj COLo'ylxJJ Aj ^>- j' A 5 

. ^JL» ^P jJI JpLJoJi ^Ql) yj clUOj^ 

t n niaflj i I 4 ^ * j -j y ^*~ i i^y L^-S" c o L^^_l a -_«.«!>.■», ,1 Lj aj' 

- jjwJl ^3 0>1 I la <w (jt Vl 4 ^ ^3 JO' jL*JO-«N Ij f*JLg_> ^OJ' 

i?L<ij' l3j' J-^2-1' Aj'Aj A>^^P y ^jjl^ _ L^j'^ Oj>%j OjL^JLwN! jjp 


Jakobson, “What is Poetry?,” in: Jakobson, Selected Writings, vol. 3: Poetry of (5) 
Grammar and Grammar of Poetry , p. 749. 

.750-749 ^ t ^JC jJujoII (6) 
.750 y> t *UmjJj j A . jal l (7) 


142 



5 j_^JJ jJ 1^ ^^-wwJlII Jl ^s 

^Swijdl j^-dJI JjjLLl! <1)1 t ^sl jJl ^ .(jLi>woJl l*Lfe l)j-**u j51>- 

|*-Lp j^-la-> .^LL^I ^3 ^g-5lj t d)^_w**j^SL>- ^jLJ»*5I Lo»5 <, 

&yS j^j (. <u^L>- q j j../g.)j jjuJiJl ^LajVl 4^*>ljjJ L)j-~oj5L>- xs a^o*>\^13I 

^J_*/2j1j ^1ji_oJI^ dJ ^^aJl d)l (1) ^-o ^5L>- d-> j »-«/ 3 1 ' ^_u ikil jJl ^ylt 

. (Distinctive Feature) «oj_w»_»Jl L»_~J|i> <u-«_^j iJ-l L> j-*j _ (jjli Ia.^.— i 
j»UaJ 4 _p-j.lIL) ( _ f _* i jj_— jj^L>- (_glj oJlJl jM t(_g jjd ojL-*_; jl 

: (Phonemes) oL— J jJ ^ Jj ol j-a>I j-* U j-SL* i _ r -J jC£-!li ^L^-aJJ 

d->b oLj^lll j ojJ AXaa *L*J ^3 ^JStSX^j AA$\ jX* ^ ' X>\jL^A /j*& AS )) 

c, (8) 

4_j jA djl A+/a\\ ^JlP J-5 ji d— llj V 4_o-o 0 j-^3 <-)l Lo-j • ® I ^jL*_oJI 
Jj>-1 _ ^jjLiLJl j\ u Jw^UJI i^JL>Jl jt-iJj l+il £-a - j-*JJl j-mslLkJJ 

jLo-pl ^3 0 j-« cJj*^ j-g-lg t^O^-wo-oJl 4>o-vJ|)) ^tJJa-v2-a (1 )j-**Jj5L>- 

d->lJc >-_2 Ja^wu ' )) o^wo-^JI d»> lo-^J ' . (Snpir) *<^JJl ^oJLp 

jl ajjj^j>J 1 JJL* (Sense Discriminating) ^l^Jl jl 

j— aJ oIJlp-jJI oJLa , (9) «^Jl .. .(Nasality) UiVillj i (Sonority) jlj^Jl c^-aJl 
_ (Differential) t _ 5 loUj J\ ^ jlij J£jj dais lt^ -J - 

<1)15 t<jL>e-<yJl IJ-* ^3 (l)^v%0^5L>“ < J-^J lJ* < ^ij^ > ‘ 

yS'S-3 V Lfjb ^-3 4-oj^/aJ' 4 ««_JLj C-'Lo— j j_iJl (1)1 

"V L^ob w>Lowo^bJl o^oL5 4 JI ^|wJ->sjJl x^y^o ^kXSj <. )) 

C I .j*| jjJl ^\s D^w4w O-il Q-«-«» ll (1)! 'V ) t ^~^'^~ > 

J~^ J L^-jj j-flJ i C 4 j>t-JLl]Ij ^5-1^ b ^-ALla 1 1 ^jLiJb 

jjb La <1)1 .^Ata (Poor)j (Boor) J* I 

L»l .(Voiced) Cst> j_j_j^-o Oj-aj JLiJj /b/ jSl ^iUj :/p/j /b/ j-j (jjUJl 
jl ot 5j- tJiUJl l-U jj> .(Unvoiced) ^ ^ j ■ /1 -\ /p/ 


Jakobson, Selected Writings , vol. 1: Phonological Studies , p. 636. (8) 

Roman Jakobson and Krystyna Pomorska, Dialogues, [Initial Translation from the (9) 
French by Christian Hubert] (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1983), p. 25. 
jjia ±Sjj^-\ ^jA*- jJ tiS^Jl X* AjsxJj ^iLuaJl C^j-^aJl (#) 

.li5U> Jifllj iUJl lJ jj«-l m,g,d,b 


143 



j-L? ( J^P Oj_Sllj ^Jl o J .A.o^aJi Ola^Jl (£Jl?-\ 
^j£* <U/2jLs ^a_nAX9 ^yj j^SwLaJi I ^3 ^jjJl <uij Lot .A-wu ^a^aJl »JLUl>J 

^ oj-w^Jl aq-^JU i Dome j Tome UJj^l til 4 y>-\ jU-o .a^L>J| 

aJU^U! jJi}\ ^ c-aJl^LJ (Aspirated) /t / aJL^JI iaiJ 

. (Non- Aspirated) jd / 

oLo^ajjJj jd jj /t / ,j-u jt /b/j /p/ t j-o j-iJl L)LS" J js; t<L^ k >L>Jlj 
JJj 'w^jLaLj j £ la.'i oLw jJJl oJi-A Ot Jj j-Jt 015 ^1 4 AjLiwO aL^jI 1^9 ^>4 

(^5^-klJl pJL*Jl L$j! AjlJL>- Aa^»pI yo\ jA 4^ jt ^aJl ^3 

aJJJL La wLLp 4 l^tSOb^ .L^JwJ ^L>«Jo J»w,ajJl ^Jp -C<±C-X~J 

/d /j /t / j_j tijjjJ' jU i (10) Bidderj Bitter iP^SlI _ 

(J La-&lj-0»4 L J> LaJJP 4_il ^a 4 ^'LawsJ lj ^< 2 j 

. Ai^JaJl L> ^ la a j ^Sj La 1 jjS ^yj j^a] 1 4 <_£ ( JjP 

A^*P^ yA LowsAA.lt ^3 j _^JL>- Aj ^J iJ A.ww ‘ J Lj ")1 >X^- I s'* 

L)|)) ; Ool ^Ji i ^y ) Ai3 L^jL>^ a*J ^3 o j>- y* Lgjta 0 ->Lo-»aJI <jl 

0'^ 4 AjL*JJ <0 ^JL*J| C^LkJ ^3 oJ> y>- j-oJl o^w^oJt >oL<*^j! AaJlS 
(Implicational (11) A : ; r >.^i i yJ >\ ji Aj ^Jj>Ao oJu>4 j a*J ^s c^U^JJ 
^UaJ ^-9 c— jljJJt JlpA oj.wa.-aJ} oLo-wJl ^t_w 2 j 4 dUi *Lajj * (( Laws) 

.oNLortl 

0 ^_aj ^3 U \j>- Aj J ia. J L^Lval L>/g J A^JJl ot J-vJ J} 

A>- ^a ^aLfclJi JuP ^'LLs^-a (Sound) CL) J-S^gjt (1)! JC"~° ^>"1 

6 L)jLa> 4 ^^2j>t_a ^jLj^s <j LJ" Lr^” La-»^ . jj — >j^^r 

( J ? -a _>■ ^9 4®1^-jJL« L^LwAa J^ajt o^La ^^Jp j- 4 - 1 t_5 pA ^~ fcl 

^L^LfljJt j__^jJt ^JP Aa-^-Lj Aj>«-Jo ^ A-J_P A^_Ul 'j-A 

. Ud^La-o ^aJI A^aIj {^»Jt ^j^ 2 >txjl 

Aflj^Ut ^yJt OjLd>^i ^3 }*Aj 1 j L)j— OU Ajj^_jJl A—ajLa-a-U Al-alj3i 


Jakobson, Ibid., p. 462. 

Jakobson and Krystyna Pomorska, Dialogues, p. 87. 

Jakobson, Selected Writings , vol. 1: Phonological Studies , p. 423. 


00 ) 

01) 

02 ) 


144 



,/j il j j ^4 j_>Sn oLS" y* ./2~ ll Lgj I 

. . - ^Laj^l_a ^-«- ‘ . J l ^j>- y ^3 C>>l^l ■/?“ c yj •^ l| «.i^ * *1 4 

^*4 LAj! j ^_>Jl Cyr* t ^- > ' - 1 Lv? j-^-~*~ - C^cJj 

P-J jSLIa J-*-^ i_5* £"LiL>Nl A^-Al ^I-P /jfJ JJl 

^A-jJl i J*L>xIj I y>\3 jJi t 4 j-ej jlj ( jj» j I aJuJ 4 y> *!>L-L3 Jj jJ jAj jL^J>~\j 

l ^J *<_£ 4_J^ y£- ^_jLjL£J| ^3 (j_A AJLJL>- ^JJl) IJi-Sj ^JJL<m 

o ^3 yy ^*L*-5l <_£jj-*JJIj ^oVl ( /^j>-L»_J1 ij ^ 0y~-> ^5^ Ip- 1~la 

jS\ ^ 1 958 ,»Lp y*^y» ^ L*UJi i^JLS' j .yy^l\ yy cl>x>-j ( y^\ 

J_s y * * ./? 0-<»Jl /^_>j_i_Ul * ■ \ y ^*-Lp (1)1 JuLLPltt , j J — o j_SL>- 

,A^LJL> ii^Jj l_LA i-L>i_t 4_j_0\ ^JUJ oe-LiS ^ 1^_>L Uai^- j^Xc-\ 

^j^SH O-P-LJl^ 4 <j jpW- J i J i AJL^bj yj> 4^ol p. */Q > {JjJJl ^JL*Jl 0^ 

L^-A^^L? t 4 j (j } jJaJl ^.Lp (jr'^J o!>LCJL*JL N ^JJl 

^j>tjjiiji olijLiivJl £y> yt> 

L— ^ ^1 jj yA Oj^j j-S^Lp- ^J-l? c. <lLS^ 4j*\Ju\ y* ^Jl Ni 

<L^?L-/a I >~ I ^3 a lj 4_«JJ ^ ^jhlj} la ll jLb^M y^J> 

La j-^l °JT~ C> ^ **jLaj| ia3 Ap%_) -*J t *jJJ JJ AJ^y^S J 

(j jJ \jf~*~ j ( ^yj| yj) aJL^ ^1 Jr^J *^M t <L*JJ 

o y\3 ( i J_f'LiJl) JJ$ 1 _ 5 J ^JajJi ^i\ 4^>-L>Jl 

L^>_A jLjLpLj _ 0 1 AJL^j- t(^LoL>^3l) ^JjL^waJl 

^3 aJ^ lj-^' ^ <_5^ a -* - ^^ O^'lSs-^j - jAJ yA N -Li y ~. — 

IS0_J yA N JuJ cjL yU N ^->1 i _j-® 1 Ij^-A ^3 4_^vO- 

_ i.J'LjJLp-l A^a\j L~- I <jL^y>- yA U_)l 4 fY-^ °J { jA ? y~AA 

(Jj^-i t U»Ua_i I^jLjLpLi ^1 L^o-^-9 y£-*±j N 

^oJl ]p yu}\ 

^L ftjl oL-JLiNl Q. A ! ^3 l yj-A 0 l)15^ L&JwO t t_5^i 

■Jl^^-Vt yA {JL^ (^5^ ^y-"— ^JIJ ^__^l ^_>tJl 0 j-A jJ jJ 4 Aj j.^t1 J ^JC-JlII 

!^j ^>LjI^ {JjJsJl 1 & Oj-^j A-Jli-oJ) 4 JUJJ Lj_>tJ Si^LS 


.51 y i A...di j.L/aU (13) 


145 



jj ojLp 4 AUI jl & ^i (J j 't^f*** 0 
^jL«bL*JI ^jL*-qJl 5 jlaSjj ^JLill Ulju**jj^j OjL Ji' 

0j^a3I ^ 4-Jl^Jth ijLwA jL ol-jjj ^jjj-LSlj t^JI^JI ^«-Ul ^ 

id^LLa eJ^I *eL*^j I 4 J a < jdJl oL ilsLaJl 

jitJ Lpjjjl oJL* .4 ^>-jJj^~»JI “LCPJj ^djj l _5 J jLw>-Vl t j r J> j-fS ^ 

bjj^Aj 4jjAL)I ^iaJl ^~l>o ^5 j jS[>- aJJLj ^jJl J-^>cJl (jLj>-Vl 

.LjjtJ 


Jakobson, Roman. The Framework of Language. Ann Arbor: University of 
Michigan, 1980. (Michigan Studies in the Humanities) 

. Selected Writings. Ed. Stephen Rudy. The Hague; Berlin: Mouton 

Publishers 1981-1988. 6 vols. 

Vol. 1: Phonological Studies, 1971. 

Vol. 2: Word and Language , 1971. 

Vol. 3: Poetry of Grammar and Grammar of Poetry, 1980. 

Vol. 4: Slavic Epic Studies, 1966. 

Vol. 5: On Verse, its Masters and Explorers, 1978. 

Vol. 6:' Early Slavic Paths and Crossroads, Part One and Part Two, 1985. 

. Six Lectures on Sound and Meaning = Six lepons sur le son et le sens. 

With a Pref. by Claude Levi-Strauss; Translated from the French by John 
Mepham. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1978. 

and Krystyna Pomorska. Dialogues. [Initial Translation from the 

French by Christian Hubert]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 
1983. 

and Linda R. Waugh. The Sound Shape of Language. Assisted by 

Martha Taylor. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1979. 

: <LiL^I oW jb 

Holenstein, Elmar. Roman Jakobson s Approach to Language: Phenomenolo- 
gical Structuralism. Translated by Catherine Schelbert and Tarcisius 
Schelbert. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1976. 

Steiner, Peter. Russian Formalism: A Metapoetics. Ithaca: Cornell University 
Press, 1984. 

Waugh, Linda R. Roman Jakobson’ s Science of Language. Lisse: Peter de 
Ridder Press, 1976. 


146 



Jacques Lacan dJl^. 


y <lUSL 4j >- y ^ ^ j-XjLo <1)15 <1)15*5 .jL>- <1)1 

^jL ^3 jJ_} .LaloJ tils' <jl ^5 j t t& j*&J l~Oj3 

c^jtS L<*5 c_JaJl o3l$Ji ^Lp i^~'' / ^ ~ > ~3 t 4_^*J^ J l3 o ^3 ^ 1 901 J*lp 

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Elisabeth Roudinesco, Jacques Lacan and Co.: A History of Psychoanalysis in France , (l) 
1925-1985, Translated with a Foreword by Jeffrey Mehlman (Chicago: University of Chicago 
Press, 1990), pp. 295-296. 

Jacques Lacan, “The Subversion of the Subject and the Dialectic of : w?l>- qjj-a-> f2L>\ (2) 
Desire in the Freudian Unconscious,” in: Jacques Lacan, Ecrits: A Selection , Translated from the 
French by Alan Sheridan (London: Tavistock Publications, 1977), pp. 294-324. 


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Lacan, “The Mirror Stage as Formative of the Function of the I,” in: Lacan, Ecrits: A (3) 
Selection , pp. 1-7. 

Lacan, Ecrits: A Selection . p. 65. (4) 


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Jacques Lacan T “Seminar on The Purloined Letter,” Yale French Studies , no. 48 (1972), (5) 
pp. 38-72. 


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Lacan, Jacques, Ecrits. Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1966. (Champ freudien) 

. Ecrits: A Selection. Translated from the French by Alan Sheridan. 
London: Tavistock Publications, 1977. 

. The Ego in Freud’s Theory and in the Technique of Psychoanalysis, 

1954-1955 = Moi dans la theorie de Freud et dans la technique de la 
psychanalyse. Translated by Sylvana Tomaselli; with Notes by John 
Forrester. New York, N.Y.: W. W. Norton, 1988. (The Seminar of 
Jacques Lacan; bk. 2) 

. The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psycho-Analysis = Quatre concepts 

fondamentaux de la psychanalyse. Edited by Jacques-Alain Miller; 
Translated from the French by Alan Sheridan. New York: Norton, 1978. 

. Freud’s Papers on Technique, 1953-1954. Translated with Notes by 

John Forrester. New York: W.W. Norton, 1988. (The Seminar of Jacques 
Lacan; bk. 1) 

. The Psychoses. Translated with Notes by Russell Grigg. New York: 

W.W. Norton, 1993. (The Seminar of Jacques Lacan; bk. 3) 

. Le Seminaire de Jacques Lacan. Texte etabli par Jacques-Alain Miller. 

Paris: Seuil, 1973. 23 vols. (Champ freudien) 

Livre 2: Le Moi dans la theorie de Freud et dans la technique de la 
psychanalyse. Paris: Seuil, 1978. 

Livre 7: L’Ethique de la psychanalyse. Paris: Seuil, 1986. 

Livre 8: Le Transfert. Paris: Seuil, 1991. 

Livre 11: Les Quatre concepts fondamentaux de la psychanalyse. 

Livre 17: L’ Envers de la psychanalyse. Paris: Seuil, 1991. 

Livre 20: Encore. Paris: Seuil, 1973. 

. «Seminar on The Purloined Letter.)) Yale French Studies: no. 48, 1972. 

. Television: A Challenge to the Psychoanalytic Establishment. Trans- 


Roudinesco, Jacques Lacan and Co.: A History of Psychoanalysis in France, 1925-1985 , (6) 
p. 561. 


154 



lated by Denis Hollier, Rosalind Krauss, and Annette Michelson; Edited 
by Joan Copjec. New York: Norton, 1990. 


MacCannell, Juliet Flower. Figuring Lacan: Criticism and the Cultural 
Unconscious. London: Croom Helm, 1986. (Critics of the Twentieth 
Century) 

Muller, John P. and William J. Richardson. Lacan and Language: A Reader’s 
Guide to Ecrits. New York: International Universities Press, 1982. 
Ragland-Sullivan, Ellie. Jacques Lacan and the Philosophy of Psychoanalysis. 

Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1986. 

Roudinesco, Elisabeth. Jacques Lacan and Co.: A History of Psychoanalysis in 
France, 1925-1985. Translated with a Foreword by Jeffrey Mehlman. 
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990. 

Schneiderman, Stuart. Jacques Lacan: The Death of an Intellectual Hero. 
Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1983. 


155 



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Anthropology,” in: Claude Levi-Strauss, Structural Anthropology , Translated from the French by 
Claire Jacobson and Brooke Grundfest Schoepf (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1972), pp. 31- 
54, Esp. p. 33. 

Claude Levi-Strauss, Introduction to the Work of Marcel Mauss, Translated by Felicity (3) 

Baker (London: Routlege and Kegan Paul, 1987). 

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Claude Levi-Strauss, The Elementary Structures of Kinship = Structures elementaires de : 
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Rodney Needham, Editor (Boston: Beacon Press, 1969), P- 178. 

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Levi-Strauss, “Structural Analysis in Linguistics and Anthropology,” in: Levi-Strauss, (5) 
Structural Anthropology, pp, 31-54. 

Levi-Strauss, “Do Dual Organizations Exist?,” in: Levi-Strauss, Structural (6) 
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Levi-Strauss, “Structural Analysis in Linguistics and Anthropology,” p. 47. (7) 

Levi-Strauss, “Do Dual Organizations Exist?,” in: Levi-Strauss, Structural (8) 
Anthropology , p. 159. 


162 



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Levi-Strauss, “The Structural Study of Myth,” in: Levi-Strauss, Structural (9) 
Anthropology, p. 216. 

.210 ^y> c<wij j-Uail (10) 

.209 ^y> <.4 ~Jl> j-U«ail (11) 
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Claude Levi-Strauss, Tristes tropiques , Translated from the French by John and (14) 
Doreen Weigh tman (New York: Atheneum, 1974), pp. 178-197. 

.194 ^jx> 4 *U — aj (15) 


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David Pace, Claude Levi-Strauss, The Bearer of Ashes (Boston: Routledge and K. (16) 

Paul, 1983), pp. 183-184, and Chap. 6. 

Claude Levi-Strauss, Introduction to a Science of Mythology , 4 vols. (New York: (17) 
Harper Torehbooks, 1970), vol. 1: The Raw and the Cooked, Translated from the French by John 
and Doreen Weightman, p. 7. 


165 



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.tSlibLS-l (jjji LlIp (Ills’ 131 

1 <LmiL*V) ^j\ jj~* — (JjJ 5 JS" JUpI 

Levi-Strauss, Claude. The Elementary Structures of Kinship = Structures 
elementaires de la parente. Translated from the French by James Harle 
Bell, John Richard von Sturmer, and Rodney Needham, Editor. Boston: 
Beacon Press, 1969. 

. Introduction to a Science of Mythology. New York: Harper Torch- 

Books, 1970. 4 vols. 

Vol. 1: The Raw and the Cooked. Translated from the French by John and 
Doreen Weightman. London: Jonathan Cape, 1978. 

Vol. 2: From Honey to Ashes. Translated from the French by John and 
Doreen Weightman. London: Jonathan Cape, 1973. 

Vol. 3: The Origin of Table Manners. Translated from the French by John 
and Doreen Weightman. London: Jonathan Cape, 1978. 

Vol. 4: The Naked Man. Translated from the French by John and Doreen 
Weightman. London: Jonathan Cape, 1981. 

. Introduction to the Work of Marcel Mauss = Introduction a I’oeuvre de 

Marcel Mauss. Translated by Felicity Baker. London: Routlege and 
Regan Paul, 1987. 

. The Jealous Potter = Potiere jalousie. Translated by Benedicte 

Chorier. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988. 

. The Savage Mind = La Pensee sauvage. Translated from the French. 

London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1966. (The Nature of Human Society 
Series) 

. Structural Anthropology. Translated from the French by Monique 

Layton. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1978. 


166 



Levi-Strauss, Claude. Structural Anthropology . Translated from the French by 
Claire Jacobson and Brooke Grundfest Schoepf. Harmondsworth: 
Penguin Books, 1972. 

. Structural Anthropology = Anthropologic structurale. Translated from 

the French by Claire Jacobson and Brooke Grundfest Schoepf. New 
York: Basic Books, 1963. 

. Totemism = Totemisme aujourd'hui. Translated from the French by 

Rodney Needham. Boston: Beacon Press, 1963. (Beacon Paperback) 

. Tristes tropiques. Translated from the French by John and Doreen 

Weightman. New York: Atheneum, 1974. 

. The View from Afar = Regard eloigne. Translated by Joachim 

Neugroschel and Phoebe Hoss. New York: Basic Books, 1985. 

. The Way of the Masks = Voie des masques. Translated from the 

French by Sylvia Modelski. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 
1982. 


: oUl 'jt 

Badcock, C. R. Levi-Strauss: Structuralism and Sociological Theory. London: 
Hutchinson, 1975. (Hutchinson University Library) 

Pace, David. Claude Levi-Strauss, the Bearer of Ashes. Boston: Routledge and 
K. Paul, 1983. 


167 



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4 (L-y? lj -L>- ^-LjjJi Lll^ ^.y/3 > LJUJI o^L& s^-L>e-a Jj^L y ./i .a I I 


Christian Metz, Film Language; a Semiotics of the Cinema = Essais sur la (1) 
signification au cinema , Translated by Michael Taylor (New York: Oxford University Press, 
1974), p. 10. 


La t- 


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(Connotation) J^.L ji y* Jj ULJ Lr *J ^JLiil jl t JiL ^1 

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*^*ijl Ljy ^ J ^ <3 a ll P ' yiA J jpj LJj .(o yJ ( ^P-XLLi V «W*-Jp £^wvi^l_p 


, (A Concept Signifies, a Thing is Expressive) 


( 2 )„ 


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:JjUJl ILjJL jJl>JIj .(Paradigmatic) jl ^SjpiJl 

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.( ^>Jl 

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Metz, tbid., p. 78. 


( 2 ) 


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(Semiotic ^yU^Jl o- jJl jl ^1 31 * J^a jj ollwvJl 




J j1>*j 


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^jp d)l j_L* ( j^-j 4 A^jjJaJl U-o-L^ - vJl jNj /wUjJl 

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174 



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ojj) a,is.\\ 1^_j 'LL j_laJ 1 . jLjlpVI ^'jJL I 4»-oL^Jl JJ>- 1 

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LwjLw-^ I <ul^*JL ^^l>Jl ^5LLJ1 ^ <— -> yJC 4jL 5\JI j Ij\jc ^1 I 01 Loj^iaJl 

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CjIjjjL^JI JjLP j.tf.".o.ll ^jJLj C LoJ^_ 

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Ji^L, J JJ L^5G j 4 - — Xp- 4 jt_»i> IgJ fl~iU . j^Jl J-L^ >-1*^ (Fetishism) 


Christian Metz, The Imaginary Signifier: Psychoanalysis and the Cinema = Signiflant (3) 
imaginaire , Translated by Celia Britton [et al.] (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1982), 
p. 49. 

• y* 0! £j?"L a«S"bJI 


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c (4)°' 

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_ 1 ! ^JlxJI Aj jib ^ ja\ i j-* r ) Ja_L>J! ^9 ^ ^ aa* 1 Ji J^bs (1)1 O-lb’-'V Vb-Lj^S* 

L» jjN Ij *ulil! AdjlIaxbL ^jJbbj jj5«^!^ ALaLbJi 0 ^lab! a^>-L/? 4 ^b ^3 alp 4 b-^lLJ! 
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^JlP ^>Jb ^Ji (1)L Lvwwj>- AbLiJL A3b>toJ! iLL'iJJl (J y>~ Ob^/ Aj ^-1a_> 

.(ol ‘^-bLiJ! ) r ljjJl 


Sigmund Freud. An Outline of Psycho-Analysis, International Psycho- Analytic Library; (4) 
no. 35, Translated and Newly Edited by James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press: Institute of 
Psycho-Analysis, 1940), p. 29. 

Joan Copjec, “The Orthopsychic Subject: Film Theory and the Reception of Lacan,” (5) 
October, no. 49 (Summer 1989). 


176 



Metz, Christian. Essais semiotiques. Paris: Klincksieck, 1977. (Collection 
d’esthetique; 29) 

. Essais sur la signification au cinema, vol. 2. Paris: Editions Klincksieck, 

1973. 

. Film Language ; a Semiotics of the Cinema = Essais sur la signification 

au cinema. Translated by Michael Taylor. New York: Oxford University 
Press, 1974. 

. The Imaginary Signifier: Psychoanalysis and the Cinema = Signifiant 

imaginaire. Translated by Celia Britton [et ah], Bloomington: Indiana 
University Press, 1982. 

. Language and Cinema = Langage et cinema. Translated by Donna 

Jean Umiker-Sebeok. The Hague: Mouton, 1974. (Approaches to 
Semiotics; 26) 


: Li oLI ji 

Copjec, Joan. «The Orthopsychic Subject: Film Theory and the Reception of 
Lacan. » October, no. 49, Summer 1989. 

Cozyris, George Agis. Christian Metz and the Reality of Film. New York: Arno 
Press, 1980. (Dissertations on Film 1980) 

Freud, Sigmund. An Outline of Psycho-Analysis. Translated and Newly Edited 
by James Strachey. London: Hogarth Press: Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 
1940. (International Psycho-Analytic Library ;no. 35) 

Henderson, Brian. Classical Film Theory: Eisenstein, Bazin, Godard, and Metz. 

Ann Arbor, Mich.: University Microfilms International, [n. d.]. 

Rose, Jacqueline. Sexuality in the Field of Vision. London: Verso, 1986. 


177 



Michel Serres jjum JUu^ 


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/a3X^]\ L^k jU ^ U! .(Chaos Theory) L _ r ^>jkl L^k ^ ^jkl 

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4 j^Lv«L (_) y *+*i Lp (Ollk ^Lp ’L^aLI^ 4 ^* w ^’ 

JuJ_>«JLiJ L*_-/?lJ>- _ ^*_kaJl ^_Lkl_i iJL-aL _ y*-A-A jr-k I (l)j-^-J d)l IJbl (J^ 2 -* 

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j^Sy 1 ^^"3^ J**Ca > ^ — ’CS" •cJ3^kl_ < 5 ^j^L^xlkl Q«>kl (l)lj-jk ^Jl 

Aj-L jA ^.-0.11 yA \yjS j jk > A3 j-^-oJl Aj«-kp^ (1)1 ^^^l 

kk- 4 4 ^ Is 4 AaJl> 0 jJ 1 Aj yi J >- 1 k^_J yi Lib 


Cx° 


Stephen Finney Mason, A History of : ^jbS ( y j'C ijl yi- \ 15L*L>jJI ^jjL' jP ol« ji«ll (1) 
the Sciences , Collier Books. Science Library; CS9, New Rev. Ed. (New York: Collier Books, 
1962), Chap. 39. 


Michel Serres, Le Tiers-instruit (Paris: F. Bourin, 1991). 


.496 ^y> t4—aj jj-vall (2) 
(3) 


179 



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J>tdl 1949 j»Lp . LmJ ji ^3 jj>-T 4L>Jl« ^3 1930 ^Lp jLi~* aJ j 

LIaJI y. l! a6S ^>o 4^1 952 ^Ip 6)J3 J^j y 4 j j >*- j aUjC> 

j»Ip yoj ^y J-yLil SaL$Ji> J-s<2j>- j»1955 ^Lp ^y ^(pJjl £jLi) 

5 jJLlI ^y j> JajL6*5 c 4_6L6»^ yu* yao cs^ t^a_>- j»1958j 1956 

^Lp ^y ^y 3 J^S\ If! oJJ^P jjL-Jl 4j-fa 6^3 1JJ . jjjJl A»jJ:J jjl 

ajL~vJJ eJ y>- Lg_yS 4 ^-j ^-Lp oij j-i5aJl oL^_Jj <JL5 1 968 
i 61 _ c6y> j^vls" L>-ft ^y j5” ji (JLLj-o olyaJl 

(,Oyjy*»^\ A^-*L>- ^y pJu*Jl j(j ja ^y 4j.ila-o'Jl 

4_*_aL>- i jy 4_oLl**>N 1 i— ^ j-Lp j-y^ ^J., -/? >• 6JJJ^ .6 Vi ^ya>- jwU Jly V 
.j>1990 ^Ip jjJl ^tvojalS^^J 4 jL>co1 i (* 1984 ^Ip 6i_a 


6iJa5”j 1 63 ^ jJl*JI *■ — { j^j ]sj \ yJlj jl yNl 

^yJl aJL) jJaJl -*J tj 4 4Alja>t^>Jl 4JjiJl tajLvw 6?^ 

4^vj3j *bfP 'bflj * ‘■-JJa 6" 4 ^7 *^ . 4jJjL>«lx>J 1 43 ^j^Lw 0 l ^ . »3 

jj^ <1)1 - *— ^laVlj |»jij*Jl (Medium hy^ j ) J-v^l 4 L--jj a jjS 4o-^> 
Jap a^jS/I J j->»j j-a y* jJ*j~\ ^ ^ j-aa J l 6^>s_Jl JU>^ ^ j-A aJNI 

^_a 1 j>aj ; ^UJI JwJLojJ a_j-L>- ^j_Sw« »-i^Lo ^J-^<_<kJl ^-1“^ 

_ 1 Ij-^Lp 4i">C L»jJ cdUi ^yip .(Communication) J^I^Jlj jLaJMl 
^JJl J^“J<J1 c^l (Noise) _ 3 caJL-^JI odi - 2 caJL- ^J i 

.eJl 


^^sJj ^ ^—wal 6lL» jji of-l y aJ 1 * ^ oyisJJl »di3 ^1 jp-b 6J 

Oub>tJ 61 .A^jLia 6ja 4l6»j -b>- jj N 4 J i »,< a.1r>- L .aJCxj V Ajj3 


1 l ^wlj J jJl i jfi 0\^£ w^- O y~J ,_5~^^ ^ <»3-l wJ I _ lL>Jl ^ 6 (4) 

Michel Serres, Hermes, collection critique, 5 vols. (Paris: Editions de minuit, 1968-1980), 

vol. 1: La Communication (Paris: Editions de Minuit, 1969), vol. 2: L' Interference (Paris: Editions 

de Minuit, 1972), vol. 3: La Traduction (Paris: Editions de Minuit, 1974), vol. 4: La Distribution, 
collection critique (Paris: Editions de Minuil, 1977), et vol. 5: Le Passage du Nord-Ouest, 
collection critique (Paris: Editions de Minuit, 1980). 


180 



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4 aJv.«.« /? ^_i *^/ La ^A w J l.«/?.t^/ ! ^j. « /3 9 4„^AtJ c aJL^JI 

c aJL^ jJJ JlJLJI ^^jyol! ^ ygL^JlS' t yJl y* ^y-S” iILa ^jj>-j>> aj| 

L j j-v^ LL ji? >«j ^JJl * I < _iL>- t^jUaJl yJ! *y>*-!l 

dJLJl yjz^x Jl *L^il ^tj (^Aia oL~aL^ 115) (Formalism) (aJMSLL) 

A3 j^>Jl (ji^Lw a (_£0>-l ya jUl)*>U LLjl? ,JSj .^jLtj-iLJL y^LLjl 

P-Lw^*i*yi / ^-aJl i p~ a AL$ yaw^ ^J-ALjl jJb ^ j ^J-s^>!yJ! j ijLv2_>Nl®J . j A-! ^Ji 
yLj ( JJ> A?-l y**LLa I PyJ J_SLiJl /ojjwaJli t Jl5wJ| /ojj-s^aJl LgJ yJl 

^l^il y* (JUl^I ^1) JSLcJl / ojjwaJl 0) 4yLj-JLijl ^y^- y*Jl oLa_*jJl 

. G^-jy>*l]U <jl-La ya lJ J yi A)) ^C,\ 4 yL yLJJ 

Uj ji]L « ( _ s LJd?» US jt ( The Parasite) (5 ' l ( _^Likil <^15 ^J> 

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.<^aLJ 1 (_^-i-l *L*a j+-0 l -o..^ pLo^»> J-LP jLA-LvaJl l l ^^^Ij L«/i-) 1 

^ Ly^l cijLa j_L*_i>Jl ya ^J-^-Ls 1^.9 4 4_lL<aj 1 +/s ■>! ai^Jj c ^ y?*^ 0 

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/ oLhilall yo aJlaI? jl 4 (Static) Li! j-L y y-^/L ySL j\ ^**>Lo AlL^j 

JLajNI ya y^j-LJl)) u! ^LJ JL/ 2 j s i/ 1 j ^ 

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^Lla_) ^1 O yo ® Ail Si ,<LA ^liajJl o j-^- 5 aJ^Ijo La aJ ^ J-<aI yjl 


Michel Serres, The Parasite, Translated, with Notes, by Lawrence R. Schehr (5) 
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982). 

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(8),. 


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ol j-W» _ lf~J (*. — } jjJ I - JU-AJl J-O-* jjL*_a / Ol j-o- 4 ^Ltj'V LljL^o 

fljL«^ ^j-j-a-a i^J • jL^tj 1 j JLsAj^I Liijl Jj jL/aJ*>U Lee 

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( JjLJJ i (^^-jJ ^la-oJI) a^ISnJI ( J-s^ I ^^3 ^jljJl ^l^oJL 

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.(et similia tam facilia) ^ J-l j^oLa J LJI J JSLiJl IJL* Jl^J t4jULa j^J, 
i_jL^>«JIj j -. 1 •. ^ H : *., 1 . ;..,/? : llj ^ ^ a II ^ 

/ ^ '■' ■j.a.-.-l, a I J l^jt^-<Jl^ 

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j Si 4 Ly.-jjp Ul ^jl>-I j.-.-.** * .*>.ll la_J_^ Li j l a o I I 

jL t oU“>Lj«J| ( j_a oLp_^»-?wa LjjLLa J*>li>- jj^a t jl ^l L; ,ul JjJ-^aji 
. QjL ^JL> x-a>-ll ^^a JL ^ ' g ■ a t 4.JLJ1 j»LLa-) ^ ll ^-LaLaj/l 


.13-12 ja ca_i jJUaLI (8) 

Serres, Hermes, vol. 2: L' Interference, p.145. (9) 

,J_£ jJ-Vl t ' L f* Jr° ‘Lwvlj-U l _ 5~ AJ ‘ < Lr»^^Ul ‘L^.LLg. l l (i;i) 

Serres, Hermes , vol. 1: Communication, p. 121. (10) 


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^o N-Xjj . ((l^Ja^j 4—n I ^oLJl I i£ 

. [jJbcuJl *bVl JJU-J cstl (< Loganalyse» j»!Ju4^l 


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J^UrjJl ^j^y> J jlSL- V SI) 4 jjU^> j Referential) 

.fj y>z^A ^*3 4j| . ® .iiLlA^ LlA 9 l)I <1)^^J jlSCJI (1) IS C (^£^-C-Jl 

tolj *]ojij -L>- 'b! .Enunciation <J^JLJb ^-j 1 <J*Ai>- ^y* <C->jSb <ul*JJ 

o!3 >L >- jJ 4_Jl |j_Aj . 4_Laj*Slj ^Lo^l ^9 6^15” Jj tO^flj LwA 

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. Jb-ljJl jU^^I 


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.43 ^*_<JJ 4^Jj>tlw^>Jl d^beL^'Vl 


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® ? j>liajJl j ^_Sj> ^xJI ^^jA L§ jL>x_^>Jl oj_A ?jl5 aLIs-j 

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/ j J_*_3j 4_^il ^-oJl ^*-3 j-o-j La3j uN^UjLj aJL*a»^J!j 

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^jJLwz J Li aJI^- j}\ j~a jA ^-a ^_a Lo-A . ((Inform) ^A-Sn-sa* 


Serres, Parasite , p. 66. 


( 12 ) 


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Serres, Michel, Lev Cinq sens. Paris: Grasset, 1985. (Philosophie des corps 
meles; 1) 

. Le Contrat naturel. Paris: Editions F. Bourin, 1990. 

. Detachment. Translated from the French by Genevieve James and 

Raymond Federman. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1989. 

. Genese. Paris: B. Grasset, 1982. 

. Hermes. Paris: Editions de Minuit, 1968 - 1980 5 vols. (Collection 

critique) 

Vol. 1: La Communication. Paris: Editions de minuit, 1969. 

Vol. 2: L’ Interference. Paris: Editions de minuit, 1972. 

Vol. 3: La Traduction. Paris: Editions de minuit, 1974. 

Vol. 4: La Distribution. Paris: Editions de minuit, 1977. (Collection critique) 
Vol. 5: Le Passage du Nord-Ouest. Paris: Editions de minuit, 1980. 
(Collection critique) 

. Hermes: Literature, Science, Philosophy. Edited by Josue V. Harari 

and David F. Bell. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983. 

. Jouvences sur Jules Verne. Paris: Editions de Minuit, 1974. (Collection 

critique) 

. La Naissance de la physique dans le texte de Lucrece: Fleuves et 

turbulences. Paris: Editions de minuit, 1977. (Collection critique) 

. The Parasite. Translated, with Notes, by Lawrence R. Schehr. 

Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982. 

. Rome: The Book of Foundations. Translated by Felicia McCarren. 

Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1991. 

. Statues: Le Second livre des fondations. Paris: Editions F. Bourin, 

1987. 

. Le Systeme de Leibniz et ses modeles mathematiques. Paris: Presses 

universitaires de France, 1968. vols. (Epimethee) 

. Le Tier sins truit. Paris: F. Bourin, 1991. 

and Emile Zola. Feux et signaux de brume. Paris: Grasset, 1975. 

(Figures) 


: aJU>\ oUI ji 

Comte, Auguste. Cours de philosophie positive. Presentation et notes par Michel 
Serres, Francois Dagognet, Allal Sinaceur. Paris: Hermann, 1975. 2 vols. 


186 



Latour Bruno. ((Postmodern? No, Simply Amodern! Steps Towards an 
Anthropology of Science. » Studies in History and Philosophy of Science: 
vol. 21, no. 1, March 1990. 

Mason, Stephen Finney. A History of the Sciences. New Rev. Ed. New York: 
Collier Books, 1962. (Collier Books. Science Library; CS9) 


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//, 2 vols., Translated from the French by Sian Reynolds (London: Collins, 1972-1973), vol. 1, = 
and The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, 2 vols.. Translated 
from the French by Sian Reynolds (London: Fontana, 1975), vol. 2. 


192 




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Roger Chartier, Cultural History: Between Practices and Representations, Translated by (2) 
Lydia G. Cochrane (Cambridge: Polity in Association with Blackwell, 1988), p. 61. 

Fernand Braudel, On history = Ecrits sur I'histoire, Translated by Sarah Matthews (3) 
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), p. 9. 


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Fernand Braudel, Civilisation materielle, economic et capitalisme, XVe-XV Ille siecle, 5 3 (5) 
vols. (Paris: Colin, 1980). 

Braudel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, p. 18, (6) 
vol. 1. 


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; 4m<LmS|I jl» j& JUkf-l 

Braudel, Fernand. Capitalism and Material Life, 1400-1800. Translated from 
the French by Miriam Kochan. London: Fontana/ Collins, 1974. 

. Civilisation materielle, economic et capitalisme, XVe-XVIIle siecle. 

Paris: Colin 1980. 3 vols. 

. The Identity of France. Translated from the French by Sian Reynolds. 

London: Collins, 1989-1990. 2 vols. 

Vol. 1: History and Environment. 


198 



Vol. 2: People and Production. 

. The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II. 

Translated from the French by Sian Reynolds. London: Fontana, 1975. 2 
vols. 

. The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II. 

Translated from the French by Sian Reynolds. London: Collins, 1972- 
1973. 2 vols. 

. On history = Ecrits sur Thistoire. Translated by Sarah Matthews. 

Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980. 

and Ernest Labrousse. Histoire economique et sociale de la France. 

Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1970-1982. 4 tomes. 

Tome 4: L’Ere industrielle et la societe d’aujourd’hui (siecle 1880-1980) . 

‘ ^LiLstfj oUl I jt 

Bintliff, John L. (ed.). The Annales School and Archaeology. Leicester: Leicester 
University Press, 1991. 

Burke, Peter. The French Historical Revolution: The Annales School, 1929-1989. 
Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1990. (Key Contemporary 
Thinkers) 

Chartier, Roger. Cultural History: Between Practices and Representations. 
Translated by Lydia G. Cochrane. Cambridge: Polity in Association with 
Blackwell, 1988. 

Knapp, Arthur Bernard (ed.). Archaeology, Annales, and Ethnohistory. 
Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992. (New 
Directions in Archaeology) 


199 




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Surrealism = Manifesies du surrealisme. Translated from the French by Richard Seaver and 
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Georges Bataille, The Accursed Share: An Essay on General Economy , 3 vois., (2) 
Translated by Robert Hurley (New York: Zone Books, 1988-1991), vol. 1. 


206 



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.55 ^5 t4«uii j-Uail (3) 

Georges Bataille, “The Sacred,” in: Georges Bataille, Visions of Excess: Selected (4) 
Writings, 1927-1939, Theory and History of Literature; vol. 14, Edited and with an Introduction 
by Allan Stoekl; Translated by Allan Stoekl, with Carl R. Lovitt and Donald M. Leslie, Jr. 
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1985), p. 242. 


207 





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Georges Bataille: Guilty = Coupable, Translated by Bruce Boone; Introduction \j lj '.I (5) 
by Denis Hollier (Venice, Calif.: Lapis Press, 1988), pp. 69-86, and On Nietzsche, European 
Sources, Translated by Bruce Boone; Introduction by Sylvere Lotringer (New York: Paragon 
House, 1992). 

Elisabeth Roudinesco, Jacques Lacan and Co.: A History of Psychoanalysis in France, (6) 
1925-1985 , Translated with a Foreword by Jeffrey Mehlman (Chicago: University of Chicago 
Press, 1990), p. 26. 


208 



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Denis Hollier, “A Tale of Unsatisfied Desire,'’ in: Georges Bataille, Guilty =■ Coupable , (7) 
p. 7. 

Georges Bataille: “Sur Nietzsche,” in: Oeuvres completes , 12 vols., presentation de (8) 
Michel Foucault (Pans: Gallimard, 1970-1988), vol. 6, p. 134, and On Nietzsche , p. 114. 

.<Uwii jJuall (9) 

Georges Bataille, Eroticism, Translated from the French by Mary Dalwood (London; (10) 
New York: Boyars, 1987), pp. 63-70. 


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i 4 mmLmi^(I (^l;L> (Jk^t 

Bataille, Georges. L’Abbe C. Paris: Les Editions de Minuit, 1950. 

. The Accursed Share: An Essay on General Economy. Translated by 

Robert Hurley. New York: Zone Books, 1988-1991. 3 vols. 

. Blue of Noon = Bleu du del. Translated by Harry Mathews. London; 

New York: M. Boyars, 1986. 

. The College of Sociology (1937-39). Edited by Denis Hollier; 

Translated by Betsy Wing. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 
1988. (Theory and History of Literature; vol. 41) 

. Eroticism. Translated from the French by Mary Dalwood. London; 

New York: Boyars 1987. 

. Guilty = Coupable. Translated by Bruce Boone; Introduction by 

Denis Hollier. Venice, Calif.: Lapis Press, 1988. 


Denis Hollier, Against Architecture: The Writings of Georges Bataille = Prise de la (11) 
Concorde , Translated by Betsy Wing (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1989), pp. 87-88. 


210 



. The Impossible = Impossible. Translated from the French by Robert 

Hurley. San Francisco: City Lights Books, 1991. 

. Inner Experience = Experience interieure. Translated and with an 

Introduction by Leslie Anne Boldt. Albany: State University of New 
York Press, 1988. (Suny Series Intersections: Philosophy and Critical 
Theory) 

. Literature and Evil. Translated by Alastair Hamilton. London: Boyars, 

1986. 

. My Mother; Madame Edwarda; and. The Dead Man. Translated by 

Austryn Wainhouse; with Essays by Yukio Mishima and Ken Hollings. 
New York: Marion Boyars, 1988. 

. Oeuvres completes. Presentation de Michel Foucault. Paris: Gallimard, 

1970-1988. 12 vols. 

— . On Nietzsche. Translated by Bruce Boone; Introduction by Sylvere 
Lotringer. New York: Paragon House, 1992. (European Sources) 

Bataille, Georges. Story of the Eye. By Lord Auch, Translated by Joachim 
Neugroschel. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1982. 

. The Tears of Eros = Larmes d’Eros. Translated by Peter Connor. San 

Francisco: City Lights Books, 1989. 

. Theory of Religion = Theorie de la religion. Translated by Robert 

Hurley. New York: Zone Books, 1989. 

. The Trail of Gilles de Rais. Translated by Richard Robinson. Los 

Angeles: Amok, 1991. 

. Visions of Excess: Selected Writings, 1927-1939. Edited and with an 

Introduction by Allan Stoekl; Translated by Allan Stoekl, with Carl R. 
Lovitt and Donald M. Leslie, Jr. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota 
Press, 1985. (Theory and History of Literature; vol. 14) 


: ol*l ji 

Breton, Andre. Manifestoes of Surrealism = Manifestes du surrealisme. 
Translated from the French by Richard Seaver and Helen R. Lane. 
Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1972. 

Gill, Carolyn Bailey. Bataille: Writing the Sacred. Edited by Carolyn Bailey 
Gill. London; New York: Routledge, 1994. (Warwick Studies in 
European Philosophy) 

Hollier, Denis. Against Architecture: The Writings of Georges Bataille = Prise 
de la Concorde. Translated by Betsy Wing. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 
1989. 

Letche, John. «Introduction to Bataille. The Impossible as a Practice of 
Writing. » Textual Practice : vol. 7, no. 2, Summer 1993. 

Pefanis, Julian. Heterology and the Postmodern: Bataille, Baudrillard, and 


211 



Lyotard. Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1991. (Post-Contemporary Interven- 
tions) 

Plotnitsky, Arkady. Reconfigurations: Critical Theory and General Economy. 

Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1993. 

Richman, Michele H. Reading Georges Bataille: Beyond the Gift. Baltimore: 
Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982. 

Roudinesco, Elisabeth. Jacques Lacan and Co.: A History of Psychoanalysis in 
France, 1925-1985. Translated with a Foreword by Jeffrey Mehlman. 
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990. 

Stoekl, Allan. «On Bataille.» Yale French Studies: no. 78, 1990. 


212 



Gilles Deleuze 35)3 J 

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.y\ . 


Jean- Jacques Lecercle, Philosophy Through the Looking-Glass: Language, Nonsense, (1) 
Desire (La Salle, Illinois: Open Court, 1985), p. 90. 

.91 t *~Ji> j. A, vai l (2) 
j. Avail (3) 


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Gilles Dcleuze, Nietzsche and Philosophy , European Perspectives, Translated by Hugh (4) 
Tomlinson (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983), p. 8. 


216 



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Gilles Deleuze, Spinoza, Practical Philosophy — Spinoza, philosophic pratique, (5) 
Translated by Robert Hurley (San Francisco: City Lights Books, 1988), p. 28. 

•d)^3l jl jiLdl oLLi? L^j ^jsSisCj ^Jl s^LLU xll 5J4>- jJ! y> j (•&) 
Lecercle, Philosophy Through the Looking-Glass: Language, Nonsense, Desire , p. 95. (6) 


217 



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218 



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i^L-iL/ill J->- JU^I 

Deleuze, Gilles and Felix Guattari. Anti-Oedipus : Capitalism and Schizophrenia 
= Anti-Oedipe. Translated from the French by Robert Flurley, Mark 
Seem, and Helen R. Lane. New York: Viking Press, 1977. 

. Bergsonism = Bergsonisme. Translated by Hugh Tomlinson and 

Barbara Habberjam. New York: Zone Books, 1988. 

. Cinema = Cinema. Translated by Hugh Tomlinson and Barbara 

Habberjam. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1986-1989. 2 vols. 
Vol. 1: The Movement-Image. Translated by Hugh Tomlinson and 
Barbara Habberjam. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1986. 

Vol, 2: The Time-Image. Translated by Hugh Tomlinson and Robert 
Galeta. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1989. 

. Critique et clinique. Paris: Editions de Minuit, 1993. (Paradoxe) 

. The Deleuze Reader. Edited with an Introduction by Constantin V. 

Boundas. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993. 

. Difference and Repetition = Difference et repetition. Translated by 

Paul Patton. London: Athlone Press, 1994. 

. Empiricism and Subjectivity: An Essay on Hume's Theory of Human 

Nature = Empirisme et subjectivite . Translated and with an Introduction 
by Constantin V. Boundas. New York: Columbia University Press, 1991. 
(European Perspectives) 

. Expressionism in Philosophy: Spinoza = Spinoza et le probleme de 

Texpression. Translated by Martin Joughin. New York: Zone Books, 
1990. 

. The Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque = Pli. Foreword and Translation 

by Tom Conley. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992. 

. Francis Bacon: The Logic of Sensation. Translated by Daniel Smith. 

Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1992. 2 vols. 


219 



— . Interviews, 1972-1990. New York: Columbia University Press, 1994. 
— . Kant's Critical Philosophy: The Doctrine of the Faculties = Philosophic 
Critique de Kant. Translated by Hugh Tomlinson and Barbara 
Habberjam. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984. 

— . The Logic of Sense = Logique du sens. Translated by Mark Lester with 
Charles Stivale; Edited by Constantin V. Boundas. New York: Columbia 
University Press, 1990. (European Perspectives) 

— . Nietzsche and Philosophy. Translated by Hugh Tomlinson. New York: 
Columbia University Press, 1983. (European Perspectives) 

— . Proust and Signs = Proust et les signes. Translated from the French by 
Richard Howard. New York: G. Braziller, 1972. 

— . Spinoza, Practical Philosophy = Spinoza, philosophic pratique. 
Translated by Robert Hurley. San Francisco: City Lights Books, 1988. 
— and Felix Guattari. Kafka: Toward a Minor Literature = Kafka. 
Translation by Dana Polan; Foreword by Reda Bensmaia. Minneapolis: 
University of Minnesota Press, 1986. (Theory and History of Literature; 
vol. 30) 

— . Qu’est-ce que la philosophic?. Paris: Editions de Minuit, 1991. 
(Collection critique) 

— . A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia = Mille plateaux. 
Translation and Foreword by Brian Massumi. Minneapolis: University 
of Minnesota Press, 1987. 

— , and Claire Parnet. Dialogues = Dialogues. Translated by Hugh 

Tomlinson and Barbara Habberjam. New York: Columbia University 
Press, 1987. 


1 Ji 

Bogue, Ronald. Deleuze and Guattari. London; New York: Routledge, 1989. 
(Critics of the Twentieth Century) 

Boundas, C. V. and D. Olkowski (eds.). Deleuze and the Theatre of Philosophy. 
New York: Routledge, 1993. 

Burchell, Graham. ((Introduction to Deleuze.» Economy and Society: vol. 13, 
1984. 

Hardt, Michael. Gilles Deleuze: An Apprenticeship in Philosophy. Minneapolis: 
University of Minnesota Press, 1993. 

Lecercle, Jean-Jacques. Philosophy Through the Looking-Glass: Language, 
Nonsense, Desire. La Salle, Illinois: Open Court, 1985. 

Patton, Paul. ((Conceptual Politics and the War-Machine in Mille Plateaux. » 
Substance: vol. 13, nos. 3/4, Issue 44-45, 1984. 


220 



Jacques Derrida iJbjJ dJL>- 


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l (_j-vo j3 ^ £jLJO «LU3l jta*) ^jjj_> -1959 ^Ip L~u 

jJLj LoJJp ^1965 j_S*~!jl ^ LOj^a (J L £-+*j\ jj-$-*->- oLjol ijjji O-aJ jJ J 

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. M <ij yt *- t _ s Jjl» : (Law of Identity) iJlJUl il _yJ' il)jjl* 

M jlj j_^j jl -‘ (Law of Contradiction) yai\^}s\ 


Jacques Derrida: «De La Grammatologie (1),» Critique, no. 223 (December 1965), and (1) 
“De La Grammatologie (2),” Critique , no. 224 (January 1966). 


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jl L^XjA (jjl _ AxJaJJ JLI *Ij£S')1\ lJ \s- t ^ t ^dLfllllj . L/ziU 

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Press, 1973), p. 40. 

Jacques Derrida, Of Grammatology = De La Gramma to logie y Translated by Gayatri (3) 
Chakravorty Spivak (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976), p. 145. 


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^ 1 -LjjJ j»L^l yt <. (Anti-Platonic) ^j_L!>Lil y> LJ L *J\ 

.<s yJl ■Xfu L aLp- 

: <u— xLmVI IjUjj iil^- JUpI 

Derrida, Jacques. L’ Autre cap; suivi de la democratic ajournee. Paris: Editions 
de Minuit, 1991. 

. «De La Grammatologie (1).» Critique : no. 223, December 1965. 

. «De La Grammatologie (2).» Critique: no. 224, January 1966. 

. Dissemination = Dissemination. Translated, with an Introduction and 

Additional Notes, by Barbara Johnson. Chicago: University Press, 1981. 

. Glas. English Translation by John P. Leavey, Jr., and Richard Rand. 

Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1986. 

. Heidegger el la question. Paris: Champs-Flammarion, 1990. 

(Northwestern University Studies in Phenomenology and 
Existential Philosophy) 

. Margins of Philosophy = Marges de la philosophic. Translated, with 

Additional Notes, by Alan Bass. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 
1982. 

. Of Grammatology = De La Grammatologie. Translated by Gayatri 

Chakravorty Spivak. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976. 

. Positions = Positions. Translated and Annotated by Alan Bass. 

Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982. 

. The Post Card: From Socrates to Freud and Beyond = Carte post ale. 

Translated, with an Introduction and Additional Notes, by Alan Bass. 
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. 

. Psyche: Inventions de I'autre. Paris: Galilee, 1987. (Collection la 

philosophic en effet) 

. Signeponge = Signsponge. Translated by Richard Rand. New York: 

Columbia University Press, 1984. 

. Spectres de Marx: L’Etat de la dette, le travail du deuil et la nouvelle 

Internationale. Paris: Editions Galilee, 1993. (Collection La philosophie 
en effet; 0768-2395) 

. Speech and Phenomena, and Other Essays on Husserl’s Theory of Signs 

= Voix et le phenomene. Translated, with an Introd., by David B. Allison. 
Pref. by Newton Garver. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1973. 
- . Spurs: Nietzsche’s Styles = Eperons: Les Styles de Nietzsche. Introd. 


229 



by Stefano Agosti; English Translation by Barbara Harlow; Drawings by 
Francois Loubrieu. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979. 

— . The Truth in Painting - Verite en peinture. Translated by Geoff 
Bennington and Ian McLeod. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 
1987. 

— . Ulysse gramophone; deux mots pour Joyce. Paris: Galilee, 1987. 
(Collection la philosophic en effet) 

— . Writing and Difference = Ecriture et la difference. Translated, with an 
Introd. and Additional Notes by Alan Bass. Chicago: University of 
Chicago Press, 1978. 


1 ol« I ji 

Bennington, Geoffrey. Jacques Derrida. Translated by Geoffrey Bennington. 
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993. (Religion and Postmodern- 
ism) 

and Jacques Derrida. Jacques Derrida. Paris: Seuil, 1991. (Les 

Contemporains; 11) 

Gasche, Rodolphe. The Tain of the Mirror: Derrida and the Philosophy of 
Reflection. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1986. 

Norris, Christopher. Derrida. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 
1987. 

Russell, Bertrand. Problems of Philosophy. London; New York: Oxford 
University Press, 1973. 

Ulmer, Gregory L. Applied Grammatology: Post(e)-Pedagogy from Jacques 
Derrida to Joseph Beuys. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 
1985. 

Wood, David and Robert Bernasconi (eds.). Derrida and «Difference». 
Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press, 1988. 


230 



Michel Foucault ^=> JLLul* 


L 'j+j* ^ JUj ^ 1 926 (»Ip ^ ji JlIj 

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4_^JL4j ^ ^ o! J-*-j ^ 1 96 1 (>Lp <. His to ire de la folie a l’ age class ique) 

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( Jl^-JLj 1 1 ^ ... a 1 ULj-I JLi La^jX>- 0^ t(<i j^-.JJ) ^ j_«j>- jl 


Michel Foucault, Resume des cours. 1970-1982 (Paris: Julliard, 1989), p. 10. (1) 


231 



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J jJL>Jl jl <_o ^iJl JUpVJ o jJLJl oLLjw^gjJi ^1 (Discursive Practices) 
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4s>-jz]\ Iaa ^L 4 ^ 7 Li) Lo_a 43 L>- ji j*£ j] j s-Lwi^i/l L)j .4 -^a) 

Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche, The Will to Power , Translated by Walter Kaufmann (2) 

(New York: Vintage Books, 1968), sect. 1011, p. 523. 

Michel Foucault, The Order of Things; an Archaeology of the Human Sciences = Mots (3) 
et les choses (New York: Vintage Books, 1973), p. 387. 


232 



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Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality - Hisioire de la sexualite, :^\sS ^ikil (4) 

3 vols., Translated from the French by Robert Hurley (New York: Pantheon Books, 1978-1986), 
vol. 2: The Use of Pleasure, Translated from the French by Robert Hurley (New York: Pantheon 
Books, 1985), 

Michel Foucault, The Foucault Reader, Edited by Paul Rabinow (New York: : 1 _ s s 

Pantheon Books, 1984), pp. 334-335. 

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Michel Foucault, Histoire de la folie a I’age classique. Sum de mon corps, ce papier, ce (5) 
feu et la folie, V absence d'ceuvre (Paris: Gallimard, 1972), p. 39. 


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I aU~«L^i'ill d Lj ^ -a (JL««p| 

Foucault, Michel. The Archaeology of Knowledge = Archeologie du savoir. 
Translated from the French by A. M. Sheridan Smith. London: Tavistock 
Publications, 1974. (World of Man) 

. The Birth of the Clinic; an Archaeology of Medical Perception = 

Naissance de la clinique. Translated from the French by A.M. Sheridan 
Smith. New York: Vintage Books, 1975. 

. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Translated from the 

French by Alan Sheridan. London: Allen Lane, 1977. 

. Folie et deraison; histoire de la folie a Page classique. Paris: Plon 1961. 

(Civilisations d’hier et d’aujourd’hui) 

. The Foucault Reader. Edited by Paul Rabinow. New York: Pantheon 

Books, 1984. 


239 



. Histoire de la folie a Page classique. Suivi de mon corps, ce papier, ce feu 

et la folie, Tabsence d’ oeuvre. Paris: Gallimard, 1972. (Bibliotheque des 
histoires) 

. The History of Sexuality = Histoire de la sexualite. Translated from 

the French by Robert Hurley. New York: Pantheon Books, 1978 - 1986. 3 
vo Is. 

Vol. 1: An Introduction. Translated from the French by Robert Hurley. 
London: Allen Lane, 1979. 

Vol. 2: The Use of Pleasure. Translated from the French by Robert 
Hurley. New York: Pantheon Books, 1985. 

Vol. 3: The Care of the Self. Translated from the French by Robert 
Hurley. New York: Pantheon Books, 1986. 

. Madness and Civilization; a History of Insanity in the Age of Reason. 

Translated from the French, by Richard Howard. New York: Vintage 
Books, 1973. 

. Mental Illness and Psychology = Maladie mentale et psychologie. 

Translated by Alan Sheridan. New York: Harper and Row, 1976. 
(Harper Colophon Books; CN 534) 

. «Orders of Discourses Social Science Information : vol. 10, no. 2, April 

1971. 

. The Order of Things; an A rchaeology of the Human Sciences = Mots et 

les choses. New York: Vintage Books, 1973. 

. Raymond Roussel. Paris: Gallimard, 1963. 

. Resume des cours, 1970-1982. Paris: Julliard, 1989. (Conferences, essais 

et lemons du college de France) 


Cousins, Mark and Athar Hussain. Michel Foucault. London: Macmillan, 
1984. 

Dreyfus, Hubert L. and Paul Rabinow. Michel Foucault, Beyond Structuralism 
and Hermeneutics. Brighton: Harvester Press, 1982, 

Martin, Luther H., Huck Gutman and Patrick H. Hutton. Technologies of the 
Self: A Seminar with Michel Foucault. London: Tavistock, 1988. 

Morris, Meaghan and Paul Patton. Michel Foucault: Power, Truth, Strategy. 
Sydney: Feral Publications, 1979. 

Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm. The Will to Power. Translated by Walter 
Kaufmann and R. J. Hollingdale, New York: Vintage Books, 1968. 
O’Farrell, Clare. Foucault. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1990. 


240 



Emmanuel Levinas ^LuJlJ JjjjUJ 


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Annie Cohen-Solal, Sartre: A Life , Translated by Anna Cancogni; Edited by Norman (1) 
MacAfee (New York: Pantheon Books, 1987), p. 91. 

Emmanuel Levinas, “Ethics and Polities,” (Levinas in Discussion with Alain (2) 
Fmkiel kraut), Trans. Jonathan Romney, in: Emmanuel Levinas, The Levinas Reader , Blackwell 
Readers, Edited by Sean Hand (Oxford, UK; Cambridge, MA, USA: B. Blackwell, 1989), 
p. 290. 


241 



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Emmanuel Levinas, “There is: Existence with-out Existents,” Trans. Alphonso Lingis, (3) 
in: Emmanuel Levinas, The Levinas Reader , p. 31. 


243 


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0 | j-^i y>*-> 4 JLpliO_>l ^y (aJIj y wL?-ljJl) ( JjLo^oJI ^- 1 } y^VI 

(_^l yp ^J-dJLvv^a A^J y*-0 ^L«jli 4 j^LdJl Aj Ip yA ^L*Jl Ajii Oj>-lyjl oLLL. 

4 J-^_>c-I_a J i* ^ I j-^-^i /y sLk^jj a_p yjHji 

y * jli iy^jJyyyaJl £jyu Jl (Tenor) y yj .(Idealist) 

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.Jy>- Ajy^vJi y*j 


oi kdiJ-0 OjSd aJ 13 4 o ^SdL>J! C-jl JJi ^yl-P idjl 


244 



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c a*~jl > jjJi <jl>^ 'y jA ~ &s>- jij ^ji aj j~j* ji _ ^i*ji 




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aj^jJI (jJJl j >" 0 •LJL^i 1 4 jLJ^ J J - (<uli Ju>-ljJl) JU-JI 

L^Li^j L-/?l ^ ipI aj^-aJI o^j-JoILj j • ^ ^ ^jJ3-^j 4_>-l^j^ .li^LL?| 4 a^jlJL>sJI 

j\ 4 00-J j^-^ jL - ^IjUo^j <L-_jL^J| JLo - OjJjL>s-j LoJJwP [ A_wlp Oj^Jj] 
^P.« '« «,r? * 1' .J^P l ^ « 9 I L- Aj^*P ^-A 4j_^^-w)^il 

aJjULo ^3j 4 ( ^IOjLJ O' ^LoL&'Vl Lo_aj .(aJIjj Jj>-IjJ| jl JuU^Jl =) Aj jJJ 


j j»1985 ^Ip J Asui 


<Z*s>xj 0-> ,^jl Aj| <^zS la.A*P Aj\ J\ 
b\s 8«L>^*J|J) <uwp ,^a <L)^j'^l o^ .aJLpI 4^1948 ^Ip oI_^p 

8aJI^ wL>-l J|w a 3*>L*J1 j j£L> Uflj I A3 j_^»Jl oL j-ijj . L ^op 


y A* A • <7)(( ^ li J 1 ” Ji " A' 11 A> <Jj>h l*A> « >Nl» J 

aJI^iAI N ^Jl 3I ® J-Sll® aJL> J? ( jp Ou>r_o cJj N 41 JJJ 3 

. *Ajli Jl>-IjJ|M «. y y JP L_> J Jl*jjJL O^j ^JJl 8^>-Nl® dJUi 4 LL-liJl J 

la oN ooLpIOj jcp Lla ol * ^*Jl Jp aJI 4iJA loj 

8 I )) L^a ^J_ic>iij apj ^1? ^p ai>cj yl Oj-^j ol £-5 IjJ! ^3 ^>«LaLJ a^Jpj 

.SJlidl AP^Jl AjJ J| Oj3 U ^Jla 


40*-^»- ^^j-a Ll o jAN I oi-> AwS'llJl Ja3 ^»LAA-J 4 w-43jJO J t Alp- 

oO_Aj .0 ^-iI-aJI A^oyi^j 4JL3^\p Cwv»- ( yO 0 j-OLw« ^vwJj L Al3^lp 

A-J»^J| Ai^LwJl ^A .A^3*)VA'yi ^J^-vvw<>-iJ L^P jj ^j-a oOj JJl ^A 

^-A A3^\»L?j 0^ (JJsa^oJl 8 jA^yii" AAiL^ Ai^Ap — o^ijJ 

j&'h jl t^Ajli ^LJJ ^0 <• ^ .( j-^4Jl) ^2j>«_-lJl 

j} Jj ti_jL>t>Jl LLl^ jj^i t^AJl jJ><jl!Ij)) IJl> .(Nudity) 


Emmanuel Levinas, "Intretien,” [Realised in February 1985], in: Jean-Christophe (6) 
Aeschlimann, Repondre d’autrui: Emmanuel Levinas, langages (Neuchatel: La Baconniere, 1989), 

p. 10. 

Emmanuel Levinas, Transcendance et mtelligibilite, suivi d’un entretien (Geneve: Labor (7) 
et tides: Centre protestant d’etudes, 1984), p. 12. 


245 



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^JLiUJ ^ ^jJI ^jJl (.(Irreversible) - 4_^5 Lp V ^JJi j^jJL 

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4 La.Ua.-a |wb Jj>r O^jLkpb ^J^a^^.oJl yA I Jjk ! 4 ^~j3j ^a ^s4>l>wJl v — i 1 yjb 

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jj-m-J II* (Signifier) JIjJIj .^bJl Ja-J jj ojIJU L^J Sf 

f 4^l5wi <Uww> 4_iJJ! <l)i .8 UlJ^So JljJl <l)j^U IwL^jj . Jai UU Ij j) ~ A J>- 

J^jJl 4j5U»wa 4^_Jg.^ < T 4 ^siLL« iU ^Jl I^Ul^.1 C L^-flJ 4j I V [ 4 4 jyy^£> 

^Ul^J <w3j-jo 4 4 la a \ li oJla •Li'UJ J . 84 JI.} wL>-ljJ|)) ^ UajJ 

. « 4 j^ J jl» ^y=rj ^1 - 4 JL 4 JMJI (Signification) ^1 ^-Jl /^^Jl <UL L»Lp 

V 4^JJl <1)U o jLyakk^il ( j^o Uj^>- [LA ^j^U-sJU 4j>- jj ^3 ^L>JLA'yi ^vU 45>-Ul jt 

^J-^JJL-^^Jl ^_>o <Jl_>tJl ^j-A L^-Sj . ( J« ; _L<>Jl! I ji ^»Ua_j ^J) 

«>^l)» 4 -£jo L^J| (Epiphany) 'jj-fli ajJJ! ^-w^i <.<>-jJlj ^ytbju^Ulj 


Emmanuel Levinas, Tolalite et infini, essai sur I’exteriorite (La Haye: M. Nijhoff. 1961), (8) 
p. 47. 


246 



bb ol y* ^6Jl (UO ^_LSLo ^^>-6/1® _ (Ul) pJLScj 

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M t(a Dieu) «aJJI _ ^Jl# Jjo o Jju *01 c^^pO^j ^ j5 tJIjip-Nl ibl5b#l 
Jj <J t c-Jii? J o-^poi^*I oi ^1 jJ U5 t^JloJ <J*L— *5 ^£Jj t4i^L^5 

<Jb gjjL^pb ^Joo^Nlj ^JiUjI 


(9), 


4 JJI t j-o oljLww^Jl j^-9 L>-L?xJj JLS1 ^lojj J w ^ ® J’-boJl 4 _JL*>_p1 

fr ** 

^JT *uj ^jjl 4 -^LwAa]I 0 Ja.bl ol Lo-S" LjJb .^aLh^^AJI^ 

.b>- J Jaj^/I 6jj L® UlSb _ ^£aJ| <_£ J»-l ® j- 3 bl^o Lfl JL>tj ®4 j J-J 6I® 6b 

_p o^woJL® L §_> jS <L~j>- y» (^^Ls-^LI aJ_<»-*JI ^ I ^J-p ®oJL> £_*j 

Ujj ^4_*b*6jjJl .4ub^ b 6l IOjOp- IOj Js» ^j^LOjLJ ^ O Aj tL^jJJa_>S/l 
bl® jj_p w-^liT ^JJl iL^Jl ^J_p ol ^bJl (JI^-wmJI !o_& o^-^-j 

j_p oLb^ oLLJJ ol j-4 _i?l ^JJl j t (Solipsism of Reason) JJL*Jl (( Jo^-j 
Ioa ^jJaj ^>-1 (JIjh-* 1 • Op- 1 Jl» ^J I L^j^jo 'O*J^ 0 >-l 03 ololl 

4jI Jl I J la 1 4 ^POjL*0 J j**i y!*> j^JLa ^ ^ tf > 0^ • 0^-^ 

7T../3 ) (, 4jl i O Ol ^oSnJj C *LA^wLill ^y*0 y 

^*^^SnJI Oj 4 t^Jj ^y**0 yi 4jL)llS^ Ob 4 (J^_flJl 

U»_)j oloJL o! j_>Oj ^jJl ol ji Jl oVj oi <u L^J -g J l Ji>-I^ 
Lf) jOa 4_*JJl 6b jjJ 61 U5 - I-^-j ao6j J oj J ^j 0 4jJ>-b 

6b *>bo oi ^j^ioJ-J 6j^b bi-jj 4 ^>-1 ojL-*_jj ‘1^-^ <oob« obJLSbal 

Oi O'J^-' OO; ^ U3\ 

; ^oOO JO^I 

Levinas, Emmanuel. Collected Philosophical Papers. Translated by Alphonso 


Emmanuel Levinas, “Beyond Intentionality,” Trans. Kathleen McLaughlin, in: Alan 9 (9) 
Montefiore, ed.. Philosophy in France Today (Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]; New York: 
Cambridge University Press, 1983), p. 112. 


247 



Lingis. Hingham, MA, USA: Distributors for the United States and 
Canada, Kluwer Academic, 1987. (Phaenomenologica; 100) 

. Difficult Freedom: Essays on Judaism = Difficile liber te. Translated by 

Sean Hand. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991. (Johns 
Hopkins Jewish Studies) 

. Ethics and Infinity = Ethique et infini. Conversations with Philippe 

Nemo; Translated by Richard A. Cohen. Pittsburgh: Duquesne 
University Press, 1985. 

. Existence and Existents. Translated by Alphonso Lingis. [n. p.]: 

Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1978. 

. The Levinas Reader. Edited by Sean Hand. Oxford, UK; Cambridge, 

MA, USA: B. Blackwell, 1989. (Blackwell Readers) 

. Nine Talmudic Readings = Quatre lectures talmudiques . Translated 

and with an Introduction by Annette Aronowicz. Bloomington: Indiana 
University Press, 1990. 

. Otherwise than Being: Or, Beyond Essence = Autremenl qu’etre. 

Translated by Alphonso Lingis. Hingham, MA: Distributors for the U.S. 
and Canada, Kluwer Boston, 1981. (Martinus Nijhoff Philosophy Texts; 
vol. 3) 

. Outside the Subject. Translated by Michael B. Smith. Stanford, Calif.; 

Stanford University Press, 1993. 

. Sur Maurice Blanchot. Montpellier: Fata Morgana. 1975. 

. The Theory of Intuition in Husserl’s Phenomenology. Evanston: 

Northwestern University Press, 1985. (Northwestern University Studies 
in Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy) 

. Time and the Other. Translated by Richard A. Cohen. Pittsburgh, Pa: 
Duquesne University Press, 1990. 

. Totalite et infini, essai sur I’exteriorite. La Haye: M. Nijhoff, 1961. 

. Totality and Infinity. Translated by Alphonso Lingis. Pittsburgh, Pa: 

Duquesne University Press, 1987. 

. Transcendance et intelligibility Suivi d’un entretien. Geneve: Labor et 

fides: Centre protestant d’etudes, 1984. 


1 4-iUtf I CjW jS 

Aeschlimann, Jean-Christophe. Repondre d'autrui: Emmanuel Levinas. Neu- 
chatel: La Baconniere, 1989. (Langages) 

Bernasconi, Robert. «Levinas Face to Face - with Hegel. » The Journal of the 
British Society for Phenomenology (JBSP): vol. 3, no. 13, 1982. 

Cohen-Solal, Annie. Sartre: A Life. Translated by Anna Cancogni; Edited by 
Norman MacAfee. New York: Pantheon Books, 1987. 

Cans, Stephen Lawrence. «Ethics or Ontology?.)) Philosophy Today: vol. 16, 
no. 2, 1972. 

Libertson, Joseph. Proximity, Levinas, Blanchot, Bataille and Communication. 


248 



The Hague; Boston: M. Nijhoff, 1982. 

Lingis, Alphonso. Libido: The French Existential Theories. Bloomington: 
Indiana University Press, 1985. (Studies in Phenomenology and 
Existential Philosophy) 

Lyotard, Jean -Francois. Driftworks. Edited by Roger McKeon. New York, 
U. S. A.: Semiotext(e), 1984. (Foreign Agents Series) 

Montefiore, Alan (ed.). Philosophy in France Today. Cambridge [Cambridge- 
shire]; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983. 


249 




CiUMaJl 


j ^xil 4 j j ]aS*.\ \ ^a (Semiotics) 

^3 Ojlj 4 lJL*ia ?« j O' LM*J1 

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^.-LvVl o^Ja !l J*>la- ^jJUIjj (.(Signification) (^jJ^Jl 

^Uxi 4jll5 ^9 4 la fl«ll a-i-A l) 1>- .(*olp j-s^3^<kJi) 

jUa| o^-^Cwvw<>Jl 4 vJl 4 jjIa^J1 

‘ulS^Jl ,J^>-I ^ I eL->«Jl ^ lmA> ( j oj ^)_p 

cliJi ^Lp 4^o*)ip £Cj«,S2 ) ^ ^Sf L J)l ( 'j 4J ^oJi 

olo^Jl 1^*3 (J-Xj aJL jiaJl LojI iJLia ^*^-***Jl JJj 

^ jl 4 a^jjjIaII Aj-LJaiII ^9 (J^Jj-4 j\ 

.^L-^Jl iJ^JUlj oU^UNl 


251 




Roland Barthes CjjLj 


-i-SO (*-^j .(*1915 (»Lp ^3 OjL ONjj 

^Jp <ul C-O^-OI 4<Jl<kjJl 4j j>*J *S j*Ji OjjI ^5^" Owb>-lj 

^3 4jjjUJ|j <Lj|jLuNl 01 .C-4 j^ 3 ^lp ^-^TJ d ^ J5 TJ 4 

1934 .L~j j-9 ^P - *— Jj-b>- ^3 Oj-jO ^3 4_lJ j_0 La O jL ^-v2--al 4 

<w?jyLJi 4 jsUJi o j& c5^-^ y* C/* ^Ljj y° ^ 1947j 

(Andre J-~r- ojJLil ^ ^jS/l 4JNU-* j-Uj *(_y-4 -G-' ‘4-'- £- 

i j_e- .1 _j ( _ y -a- ;J l id^_;_?- j ./a <j l—JLojj l# j jl . Gide) 

o>jL i«a~pUjl>-NI ^1*D LLJl oLdjjJl aJL£» y t(Greimas) 
.j»1980 ^Ip y <j?y3 - 1 977 j»Ip 

_ jdLJl b ^pA>*-d> oL^>- o y <e_o«L~>i^M ^jli^Jl o.xa ,JJLo ^1 

JU_pV (LjpIj^JI J 1 4 . * j|^ 3 1 4j^JJa_oJl SjLJL ^-v%u2jjl 

4<Lv^L>tJl 4 jL>Ii5\J ^L>- SjLo Lg-L*j>t_|j oJlo LaJO-L OjL <LM 'Vj .s_JLS0l 
_ 1 ! La»«A jJ>-I^1 ^3 L^-aJ| ,^lp 4 4 _j 

Lia .jj^^jJI - 2j o jIj o^jj o jL o*^^j 

4_o!0Jl a3 N wJjL) 0^ 4 ^Lb L o J l ^l_>sJI o^LJl dJl_>- 0i Ja_>-00> 
40-Jlt)l AjUj>- ^0>fcXj OJJ^ ^y> 'y _l> ^jj 4 Jh 

^3 AjLj>- ^L^pj . — *L^_Xj LoAlP^ _ LoALP 

aJLaaJI ^3 4_j»l]1^J oj 4— — . o 4_^« oL^>*Jl 4 j o 
- 0J J A^a ll ^3 <L«I JLi <j| (JjJL 3 4 JJ jOJl ^j-p oOIpI 6jj5wL<J| 

bools' L^-iV LaLIjj 4 l-b>- 4 ^j_\JS OoLS" ojj-saJI® 4 0-1 ^JJl ciJJ^ 

ji (^JLj^Jl ^ r -->«_S’) Oj j >,/3 ll O^J j! U5 4 J J) «/3 ll 4A^?Jm 


253 



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. ft bLLbl Cj^XpI 1 jJ>-\j o ellaJI 

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O) 

4jj^ 3 ^*_p OjL .(Not a Just Image, Just an Image) 

. aJ^Lp 


Ajis>- 


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^v-j yjl>t*a '. ^j-JwLp fLj 4_jUa^- ^■■.yl) <— ■ ©jblpL 

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,^jj^2lllj ^*>Jl J <j^S\ 

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4JLtfJ.il J-aJ j J^wb^J ^Jl lb J-g-j jib 0 j_SL^<Jl AjLiLb ^ o jU 


Roland Barthes, Camera Lucida: Reflections on Photography , Translated by Richard (1) 
Howard (London: Vintage, 1993), p. 67. 

.69 ^ jJu^il (2) 
.70 yS> 44 aj (3) 

Roland Barthes, A Lover’s Discourse: Fragments, Translated by Richard Howard (New (4) 
York: Hill and Wang, 1978), p. 112, 


254 



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t (Benjamin) jyly> yJlj ^ 5 Jl 5 o^ILj U jSJb ^J*L-^I y oJup _yJl Jc>J UL^I j 
a JL>Jl yuj oaJl J A_>Ll*J1j < — a_y jJl yo ^i-£- AjjJ. 9 d*-w> yo 

Vj L-jL--I L^^SjLo li j-wwwLv9 w>jLj J^-So ^*J cyyLy ^^J-P yi’ij .LjjLlJl 

oLJw^lJIj oL™^JI ^y (ojL ^1) oJ^w ^ L Lp ji~La lylL 1 aSI> 

Aj jia j AIa_*<s>j ^ijl 4_*JJl ^Jl ^ Ja -L> Jj yj| 4 j| . lyi^ j -*-o,_y L<Jlp 

4_y^ "V 1 ol_^>Jl 4_J-J ^ t yL**>Sfl LajLjLpIj jl J-« jJl ^y j y^y^» 

.aJUJI j 

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0 -vvwJ ^1 - aJLsaij ojjJa-^'V! Oj Jj-Aj .^J?\-Mi % i/I y aJLIiS L^Ip 

J j_Aj yJl 4_Aj^JaJlj)) ^jyu i ySI JuJs>*Sjj V j o Vj L« j-^ 2 -a 

y . (Langue) jLJJl y*-<w LJJl V (Parole) ^MSil ISI yi i 

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: lil ypl j\ 

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yLiu N e)I Lij ! j-A w>jL p-Lp^Ij . ^aJLo-Sj a^L>JJ j-Ll 

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^Jyil) JljJl yj jyj Jj>-^j N AjL JyJ ojjiia.^^ I aJLw-j 01 l jj£ y-Vlj 


Roland Barthes, Mythologies , Selected and Translated from the French by Annette (5) 
Lavers (St Albans: Paladin, 1973), p. 129. 


255 



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^1^6 6' £-*J *<^ j3*6 A^-P- ^JjjUl C— JJalj CjLa^jLp ^Uajj A^jJjjJj^/I ,jyjj 

AP jj |jj ji Lu6>j oj j^Ja^Ml ^UaP-l <uo jLw*-N I "jA j~S -v ^Joli Jj OjL 

4~JJi Jl (J jlJ aJI Nj 4 (Naturalised Speech) ((^U-JaJl)) ^ (Sui generis) 

J-*-p 6L> -L^a_j jL*/g > i 1 j_p 4 6lLL 4 _.>. o _ fc 1 U c-s j-*- 1 <1)1 

« o j j^la.^.xlS' aJuLs ^P JjU-vU Oj jJa.,.^^ 1 


A^j.i 4jl)L^jl 4 j L lS" ^3 6lU_o ^jU-Ul AjLiCU A^*<jL>-< 61^ ^Jy*X>*6l <1)1 
LLli^Jl cjIjLjlp^II ^1 a^JL 6>! SjLil ULJa *_> ( Writing Degree Zero , 1953) 
<i)i> ji j-s^ i <J jr>~ ajlllli oijLcLp'yi oJla y% * — j\ss \ 

6 L 36 <1)j-^_j il)l *)j J_> ^ 2 _Jl <l)lj 4 Lw _^«6 ^ Lla ) A-*_Ul 

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66 aIjLaJI o 6 j-^~ j-5 " L^>~jJ jjJ-> 1 4A-«_Ul <u^LLj> ^»j-p jjfc 

. (Verisimilitude) (jA^aJl aJ-p jJlo 6 ) ^J1 jJl Sis'll jA ^Ll^\ ^iJl 

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<l>65" 6} 4^166 .a ^J 1 oLcoVl >Jj>- ^Jl aj ^ ^ ^ (< — > 1 c^-w>- 
( 6 L^?i 1 ^ 4 - 6 * (Camus) jails' 615” ^1 j) (Nouveau Roman) «5 JuJj>J 1 C^?JLiU 

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*c_^-A jL^-UV 4 _Lw_*> (a6L6! a_JL*J1 c-j jj>6l La o Ljjjl) ajL,*-^ 
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256 



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UJ t (Naturalisation par excellence) £j6_a 6L ^ r ^zi\ j\ ^JaJl iw y* 

l ^ ! La ^aj>s_j oL^,'.. 1L> o \ 6Li t » — ^LlS" 

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yp i— jIJjjJI (J^ L ^ 5 LLJa^^^Jl ^JLp ^y L«w)j ^ 62 - 0 -j 1964 

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j_sd5LL«Ji y2jJ -6 jj ^w^-w>- ^y2_vaJ y® A 3 C->jLj JJ^L 

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. i g J lc- cJ y-yJl a^^-jl> 6 4 JI jJ c_AJJ6y^ ^ ^~Jl 6U 

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Ljj j^-./3-ll y^a 4 y.6 Hj sd2j6J y ^Jj>tjJl 61 j~^' • ^ La ^L*-J I 

Jj_a y _> j ]a ; a ^-Lp j .a 6 ?-iy c->jL J->4 yl j_a j i (Formalisation) 

j^AJlj aj y>* Jl *y-y Lu y_> L 6 b yjJJl obid La 6 } t^^LkjyP 

JiLa cJL»-p| y j^-la" JlSwi'yij 4 jj^JJI jy yJl a 6 ^L> 61 - 4 jLIi 5 ^y 

oi^j Ijl>wm- ySL ^ c^jL jl Nl (.(The Fashion System) *LjSll j\ IJyJI ^Uai 
yjJlj) pLJ^I y Ajlib UJlj t (Scientificity) jlJLy y ojy Jl 

.4j6Lojj AjliJ-^l La? jJ A^4 j (oljySj-U 6^vJ 61 *>U^1 Ala 1 Jj ^aJj a 6^ 

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Ji ^ JJl ^JljJl y Mju A-yLyJl ^ML>jJ 1 yjJu (Semiology) Ly- ^^Jl 

61 J j L>tj a^j>- ya (^^jJl A>-yJlj .^Lijy- 6/1 ^j-*-Aj L^S" t4 Jl 

a L a 615” ^111 _ . AaLp dJJpj ysl jJJl 

(The Signifying l.g oLa^LJi ^1] ^Lw 6 *)U JljJl ^JL>J1 y L 6 b 


Roland Barthes, “Introduction a I’analyse structural des recits,” Communications , no. (6) 
8 (1966), pp. 1-27. 

1 ^ .> jj_j (1964) oly*-h ill j 

Roland Barthes, Image, Music, Text , Fontana Communications Series, Essays Selected and 
Translated from the French by Stephen Heath (London: Fotana, 1979), pp. 79-124. 


257 



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258 



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^y> UJl jli l\jJ>-\j «^5! J ^Jl® ^*JUJl ^ ^jj - ^u<s>j^Jl 

.'(Rationalisation of Fashion) ^jip J-JaJ J^L*_) ^a*}L*Jb 

^ Aj'y l^! j£jJi ^r 1 y 

p * ^ 

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L jj jJl JL! JLL LJp ^ j (Naturalisation Codes) ^kdl CjI JJ. .j® 

Lfij JtJl ^~®J>jl CjI jJI~LJ| Ll ..Ls^jJi ^^LtJl ^‘JJl 4_^.l>Jl ( J 

J ll J^*_®jl 0 jjLwJ. _ 2 4 ( J_UI ^-jJ-Aj) J^jU a ^ jlJ - 1 I ^yj CjjLj 
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Roland Barthes, The Fashion System = Systeme de la mode. Translated by Matthew (7) 

Ward and Richard Howard (New York: Hill and Wang, 1983), p. 220, no. 16. 

^js i_j Jl Jl Jj jj j (Clothing Code) l _ r ocJ « .^Ail jjJ J _jJ» S; J o Jac! (*) 

. I'^SUI Jpl y» jt it^^dl ; Jj» 


259 



/jS- ojLjp t <L*jj jp U j-1jcoJ! 4jLiS ^3 ftoLi-U® 

^3 S*4^jjJlj oJlUI ( ^j p P 4 jLl5\JL) w>^L> (*jjLi t <L3 4-*J /jJ ^o«j 

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o-i~Jj_A w ) 1 ovD oi .<L0Lj2.il jIj o^L)Ll 5 ” j,-w<w ^£*LJ! t ^-)l,>^g 

o^I ^JL> aJLL*jl<>jI .,<?■■» 4JL1I jJl (J_pLLJI) l>|Jl)I i JjL* Loo 

(8) 

^L^JL^Vl ^2_j (=-j jJLoJl ^csjJl Jk^_j ^iJl dJJJl a JljSs <j[ . ^Lsi> ^Jlj 

»■ — oJ_^jlI!j ifijliJl oj-*jJL <.. -fl-s^u U I j^i 5 ” oJLUl o] .olJJI ot-Liij ol*_*~Jlj 


j-y^ <L)j-^j ol-LjLdj V I ^su ‘UjLLoJL) 

^A Ly? y^ 2J>- J t L^ws-dj 0->jL y^ A j 0} .&*• I ^JiL ^JjL5 x '^'■3 ^ j oh^hll 

.o^LpI <lJI jLiwaJl oJLUl ^ J“>U»- jj-o iijj 1 ^ a .,^j t IjlpLv23 1973 

frUaplj _ SJJJ1 t dlS* _ OjL j»li (oU*J) *VaJ j < h ft" J -"-’J 1-tS^Aj 

ftjL^Jl ^Jlp Ijili J) V oi Ud^- Ijjlll oo^Lj £z~^o\ oil .^u^l>tJl oj «eadJ 
ftjj Jj tc— >~>ti ! JLA l L. .lap Ljl5 jLft; <jl 'il/l ft(<LvaU- ft J J-A) 1 _y2w2jiJl) 

.Lolw? jJ»j LLSUl j Jjtiil ( J^>- 


: ^-.L-Sfl OjL j V jo JU >1 

Barthes, Roland. Camera Lucida: Reflections on Photography, Translated by 
Richard Howard. London: Vintage, 1993. 

. Critical Essays = Essais critiques. Translated from the French by 

Richard Howard. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press, 
1972. 

. Criticism and Truth = Critique et verite. Translated and Edited by 

Katrine Pilcher Keuneman; Foreword by Philip Thody. Minneapolis: 
University of Minnesota Press, 1987. 

. Elements of Semiology = Elements de semiologie. Translated from 

the French by Annette Lavers and Colin Smith. New York: Hill and 
Wang, 1977. 

. Empire of Signs. Translated by Richard Howard. New York: Hill 

and Wang, 1986. 

. The Fashion System = Systeme de la mode. Translated by Matthew 

Ward and Richard Howard. New York: Hill and Wang, 1983. 

. The Grain of the Voice: Interviews 1962-1980 = Grain de la voix. 


Roland Barthes, The Grain of the Voice: Interviews 1962-1980 = Grain de la voix. (8) 
Translated by Linda Coverdale (New York: Hill and Wang, 1985), p. 206. 


260 



Translated by Linda Coverdale. New York: Hill and Wang, 1985. 

. Image, Music, Text. Essays Selected and Translated from the French 

by Stephen Heath. London: Fotana, 1979. (Fontana Communications 
Series) 

. introduction a l’analyse structurale des recits.» Communications : 

no. 8, 1966. 

. A Lover’s Discourse: Fragments. Translated by Richard Howard. 

New York: Hill and Wang, 1984. 

. A Lover’s Discourse: Fragments. Translated by Richard Howard. 

New York: Hill and Wang, 1978. 

. Mythologies. Selected and Translated from the French by Annette 

Lavers. St Albans: Paladin, 1973. 

. The Pleasure of the Text = Plaisir du texte. Translated by Richard 

Miller; with a Note on the Text by Richard Howard. New York: Hill and 
Wang, 1975. 

. The Responsibility of Forms: Critical Essays on Music, Art, and 

Representation = Obvie et I’obtus. Translated from the French by 
Richard Howard. New York: Hill and Wang, 1985. 

. Roland Barthes by Roland Barthes. Translated from the French, by 

Richard Howard. New York: Hill and Wang, 1977. 

. Sade, Fourier, Loyola. Translated by Richard Miller. New York: 

Hill and Wang, 1976. 

. SjZ. Translated by Richard Miller, Pref. by Richard Howard. New 

York: Hill and Wang, 1974. 

. Writing Degree Zero — Degre zero de Vecriture. Pref. by Susan 

Son tag, Translated from the French by Annette Lavers and Colin Smith. 
New York: Hill and Wang, 1977. 


: 1 oUl jS 

Culler, Jonathan D. Roland Barthes. New York: Oxford University Press, 
1983. 

Lavers, Annette. Roland Barthes, Structuralism and After. Cambridge, Mass.: 
Harvard University Press, 1982. 

Michelet, Jules and Roland Barthes (ed.). Michelet = Michelet par lui-meme. 
Translated from the French by Richard Howard. Oxford, UK: B. 
Blackwell, 1987. 

Moriarty, Michael. Roland Barthes. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991. 


261 



Umberto Eco jjj-j-ai 

t -I t^JjSfl AAjIj jJ Oj*^Lj |*3LxJi *1 J ^_£AJ c_3j jjcfl j^i[ jj j-**l 

( j-fi ^Jl oL>*JLl> j-Ju_*Jl ^KS j jS jj (tJjAJu) <LpLm< j u-jliJl j 

isLtf>^[Lj to jl>L>Jlj oLo^bJi C-l^LaJ 

Ji») ^yzy^zj villi jJ^j (^aJv-^lL jj-^2-*J' ^) 

(Corpus Hermeticum) ^^^1 to^j^Jl ^1 ^ yJ y*> 

Xjfji ij 

£jIa> ol Jl^s j .j»1932 j»Lp UUajI t (Piedmont) clj-*~-Jl ^ j-£L>l aJj 
4^-lwvwLsJl oL^JajJl ^ ( yj-va>ejj ul.~LdJl ( j-*j.i t Uj La 1 Aj Jfzj, ^3 4 «,<g -/? >o 

.^1-j jJ! j j.,/? U lJl^>«Jlj 

^AjSSlI L« jJ -Up jU^Ji ajl-Jl 5 ^jp j jj a^jjL»xJ l^Ai ^l! *s>-jj!b\ L»1 

otAij ^ilta a_*j aajI jJI ( j-^ ^ jlS LaJC-p ^1956 ^*Lp c-> ^_Aj aJLs 

^JJ>ol Hal— *»jJl (JL^j>cJ1 aaa+As jjJoj^ L)!jA*j aj 15" j5Lj ^ ^■•* j ' tc*4jU^> 

j»1986 j»U \^-3 *<JL«-^tJI Ui ^cj j! J j->" J-bx-a 4 s— flJjji k— -^L lS" jj <>_> / ? 

j j-. yg . l l ^3 JL^>JI j 01 jAp la>«j lj-l>oVl ^3] ^JjjUl Ju^aJI kilta 

^yz^zi ^ J-^f- J5ll C~oA1a-jI t Lia^-V La-S tlc-0 jjl oAa . 

1L>“^/1 c- ?C->LoOL*Jl 1 Jaj 4_L>_*j 4lLJL>- a 1/> LgJ ( Ja> JjSnJj t jSLl 


Umberto Eco, The Name of the Rose = Nome della rosa , Translated from the Italian (1) 
by William Weaver (San Diego; Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983). 

Umberto Eco, Foucault’s Pendulum, Translated from the Italian by William Weaver (2) 
(London: Seeker and Warburg, 1989). 


262 



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<>* oliJj^j ^^obj j-^-^jlj ^j- T ^! aoIjLAI 

, la*.- jJl ^a^Jl «ap<*>\j oLIaS” LJJaSj t I^jLIpj oUlj-^?Jl 


4_10Oa.9j J^ii j «.<3 3 ^ 4_J| j 1 aJo cl) I 


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P_]1_p _ wo^/lj Lla)) _j j^L*jaJI ^«JL*Jl (IaaLp- OjAnj 

\S cJl>t>jJl J^Ja.3 ol .ol j-^Sfi ^A_*J0»j £-jAa* ^JIa .’ A_JL*-l)l 
<JL»»>iJ| 4a**Jl9 qA <b^9 L^-*3 ^xil 4A~Jl ^3 4j| Li jfr La LI Lo-A^jAjLi 

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^£jJl>Ji j-<J! <_y <JL* j}\ oJla oLj>wj . (The Poetics of the Open Work) 
c^.A^Jl ^iilj Lj A^>J l 4 jLSU!^ jtjziJ 'AjJ* ^ 

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Umberto Eco, Semiotics and the Philosophy of Language j_£L_.l iOOL — 0 bOo> J k ', 1 (3) 

(London: Macmillan, 1984), pp. 91-103. 

Umberto Eco, “The Return of the Middle Ages," in: : (4) 

Umberto Eco, Travels in Hyper Reality: Essays, Translated from the Italian by William 
Weaver (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1986), pp. 59-85. 

Umberto Eco, "Between Author and Text,” in: Umberto Eco and Stefan Collini ed., (5) 
Interpretation and Overinterpretation, With Richard Rorty, Jonathan Culler, Christine Brooke- 
Rose (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 67-88. 


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(10) 


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: v-L-^l jSjJ JUpI 

Eco, Umberto. ^4rt and Beauty in the Middle Ages = Arte e bellezza 
nell’estetica medievale. Translated by Hugh Bredin. New Haven: Yale 
University Press, 1986. 

. Foucault’s Pendulum. Translated from the Italian by William Weaver. 

London: Seeker and Warburg, 1989. 

. The Name of the Rose = Nome della rosa. Translated from the I talian 

by William Weaver. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983. 

. The Role of the Reader: Explorations in the Semiotics of Texts. 

London: Hutchinson, 1981. (Hutchinson University Library) 

. Semiotics and the Philosophy of Language. London: Macmillan, 1984. 

. A Theory of Semiotics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1979. 

(Advances in Semiotics) 

. A Theory of Semiotics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1976. 

(Advances in Semiotics) 

. Travels in Hyper Reality: Essays. Translated from the Italian by 

William Weaver. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1986. 

and Stefan Collini (ed.). Interpretation and Overinterpretation. With 

Richard Rorty, Jonathan Culler, Christine Brooke-Rose. Cambridge; 
New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992. 


: 5-i^i <^1*1 ji 

Fry, Virginia. «A Juxtaposition of Two Abductions for Studying Commu- 
nication and Culture. » American Journal of Semiotics: vol. 5, no. 1, 1987. 


269 



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Algirdas Julien Greimas, Maupassant: The Semiotics of Text: Practical Exercises, (1) 
Semiotic Crossroads; vol. 1, Translated by Paul Perron (Amsterdam; Philadelphia: J. Benjamins 
pub. Co., 1988), p. 24. 


270 



ya JaJj>Ol Jibu olb>l yil j\ ybyilu* jlbj ^Ip y-*--^! ^Lup'ifl 01 

• 4jb wL>*j ^ ^1 — L^>-^J^Jaj *y 1 o yb^ ^ybb y-<j-AAA*ll .}y>- yll 

o yljJl jJ ^ 2 - 9 Ji (oULJJI) oLy*JJl Lgy vu- * ^-* yJl aJ^>JJI yo Lyj 

4_*-*b? U«>b L j*-+& J y^ Jo V c)b" t Ajyi-U 1 ^lp A^-jlpxJi lLUj yP 
O-Lflj V ( y>>b-yP <1)1 ^ t y y~u bbj . uiij^y ‘ A -' A ^y! XJ yw>-j ~ ‘boy'bb - Aj ^Sb 
yilp yl y>j J-x-> 1 -b <l)y£lj Owj b 1 OM 1 1 Jl5\_a e Jj y j »Jl U^OVObb-b 1 y« 

l ( ‘Lo3^£>j I .U! yl) v— ' UaJ-JJ <Ujb/3 4-JL-b yv«&^*A> <b jJaj y j> la ) ^y y>-l bbb ^ 
.yj .^J-<*»*JI lJ-gj flbll L^-Jp yjiaij yJl Ay.O- > cJl oby^-vaJb oj \ y 1 ( y bJJjbj 

U-9 o! yA ^ yUl 4 _a_ 33 <1)1 yl ^yJ>-y “ l-® l jl"' <KJ yA'bo-J y 9 0j t 4jL^jJl 

.L Jiv?j <l)y^J <1)1 <1)U>-1 ^y cPjlfij <U$Jp Lib? y-<>— wwJi ^X>tJ obxjl yb 

Ji ® y *b>-j 1 1917 /»Ip LJlyJ y ( y Lw y <l)LJy>- ybypJl jJj 

4_)jJ l^j llb-A yA L^Jwoj jJ> a-*-«L>- y OyjULlI uOjjJ ^ 1 936 ^»Ip b*o y 
^->b^l y yJL-JJl bLg-U ^^Ip J-s<a->- <1)1 •■*■*-> j . jj-vi 2 -*Jl bluJ Jjjjj 

^»Ip U ybJ ^Jj ■^1^' p— 1 .(Jb*usjy - y^->l ybll u>«_£j *u*>lj.i y IJj y 1939 ^Ip 

^1 <lojp -Up j .^lyJl iS L& OLjVli toUyJl oly jJ <ul ?j j<>J ^1940 

<u>-^ J&\ 4-UdL-oj Lg-L^S"! ^yJ \j el^y£l_\Jl 4— <A>3lj>tJL < y>uJl ^1944 ^>1 p L— j y 

y t^jLyJl ujb y L>J 4JL&4 ’. 1830 ^up^jJI L^jlyp <1)£5^ ^Oj^l yp 

pLj^II f Uij U-jjL 0 ^ jj k— 'bbsJ frl-U/?l <1)1 y^Jl U-A y -U>tjj . j,ya wJl 

.(oljyS^ aJL^> j 1 IwU yJJl) 


yp tv — w— IloJI u^3jJl y o^L?- t s ^>“ aJIa« ^j^LwjP y> 1 956 ^Lp ^y 

L^-A <1/^°^" cJl^-^1 y ^LaUaiI uij tj^— ^j_o-P 

_ 1966 j»Ip cjly^A y-*j ciiJ^ j_*_j yuj _ jyOJ 2 yl Sj jy^ y - ^ yj 
OjLulL t(La«g-a^) oUJl) 1 y U j y < _ r ^ - ^UJl yj 

<jljU*j ^ ^ 1 1 jJl djliS” L^ .il yLi b? <1 )^jj 

ill yul^Uj . ( Structural Semantics ) yL*_*Jl j*-L-P 

- (^yJ <p y Ly<l 1 j >0 * p y- jb y> y-lj y^j j Llju-j y>j 

yl992 j»Lp yb jp i^y>J •u.byil 4—L^Jl ^y 4_Ubj? ^-^—vil <Zj y>rbJ y^ 

'_-oly*- yo ‘ )b»- ^J_$" JJu>cjJ 4-^*-^-* J-^ iS j-^bil ^^ybk-J jP jbjj <1)1 


271 



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^->1 la >Jl ^j-P v^JLSj < — jUa_>Jl ^Jj iiLvi’VLi t 4 _^jL«*JV Ij 

a)I ^Jj \ j *.* i^o 4 j jL>tJlI! j-^JL ai 3*)Lpj <1) jjLoJI 

-IpljJ a1i^»I^j A^>-lxj[ ^>Uai>- ^JbS” (jli j\ oj j^a . ll >- ^j- 4 ® 

1^3 J. ^ la > ^JjJl I <L*JJ Aj _LpI jJjJI ( ^j_p oJ^_<iJLa J-J Li Aj J_> e_) 

Aw*-*l>v la yg V I Ajj_*JJ 1 j^P oJ^^JLa ojjSCja JJ>IJL >- j 2> y>- j oj . tt^llz^cj! 

AAjjlaj L^pL^J Cp!wL>- jJJ AjjJ>s_> sXP I j3 J J_?“ J) ^J1 ^ yw2J aS.^1 Jj>-I y& 

oj_A ^j-sJ w2-> U A-oL£\_»j ^Jji t L*a Jw>- ^Jj A_t j j_y2 

<u!>L*Jli t ^UajJl a^<>_aL> c ^J_*3 c . oM jj>-^J1 

L& j L- . i p L> a^JJI ^I_p j~i j j-*'* ^^-Lp ■ LS-wi N La>jj>-^ 

^v*J j»UajJl j! ^^pJJL^u Lw» t®(il ^-oJl) J^P AP^_0_>tu>3 )) 

J-o^P AJLj J Js> j! . A>*llj| jl OjLgJ^I jl AiP ^L/2 jVI «> — ->&J L>_>lj t Lo jJLo 

. j-a jj\ ol IjJ^^j Ij-A *• t j-^L<fcjjP’ Co»«j A^JJl 

>wJL*Jl ^3 _ ^UajJl jwS’Llp ( j^j oli*>L*Jl ^jJ L> ^U-j^p jl £-* IJ-^La j 
wj _L*_o <j| Nj t j-*3>Uj01 cJL^J Aj y>^\ <L> l A ~,&S 1 ^A *)Jju _ Jl ^pliaj>Jl 
. ^ Aj3 L*J I ^J<JJl j ^XXP oj aJ 1«^J| ApbtaflJl J^P 

/^a <^*JL*JLs>- AJLaLwJLa ^_> ^Jfl_j ^3 v .2-^L..^. -ftwL^A j_P J-Lpmj 

jJ _ iJp! J ^j- 4 aJwoIS” A Pj^jy C ^sl jJi ^3 _ Q>L>rJ Jg « /g ■» l l 
U C Lo Jl?- lP^I ^ ( w 5'^ C <• L-pUa>tJl 

: s/ L - 


ol ^jJl ! ^-wo—wmJI _ 2 . (Seme) Lu-xJl ajjJ-^»J1 oJj>- ^J i ! j*-*-**Jl - 1 
.(Sememe) L<Jl5JJ jJu>^J 1 ^^^Jl cr Jl LJLw^Jl Ijjlj 

iaj^JJ :ijjiUSM - 4 .(Classeme) aJL-J1 jjL^JI : _ 3 

.1^>- j t(Anaphora) (3) ol^iJ! j\ JIjSSll 


Algirdas Julien Greimas, Narrative Semiotics and Cognitive Discourses , Translation by (2) 

Paul Perron and Frank Collins (London: Pinter, 1990), p. 108. 

: wills' ( _ J i Jl^pIj ‘LaJudll ol?xjJa „<al\j S ^ l_^_J LLaL» j ojCUT (_gjLaJl (3) 

Algirdas Julien Greimas and J. Courtes, Semiotics and Language: An Analytical Dictionary - 
Semiotique, Advances in Semiotics, Translation by Larry Crist (Bloomington: Indiana University 
Press, 1982). 


272 



LJ L~JJ I ) ^*JJl <ij l>j. L. > ,/o.a oJl& v — ili>ej 

j § Iflj La \jjS JJUS £-4 ti^jUa>tJl Lo_>|j 4 cu-^J jV 

^iJl <LJu3_)| O^ljjJNl A_w>-L) <y>- t>Ua_ yg N 1 oL>j-*JJ ^j-JwLa aJo d — ji 1 

{J J?\ ^xjIm j 4 (Inventory) Jia ajjUJI oUJJa-s^JJ 

^ oLjJJJI jl Ju-~>- j-* j ^(Practical) 4 (Presupposition) 

l ^ -i ^J p c Mj ^Ja-> Lij-j? J yJu>- ^JL^I)) 

A^j ^P^ oJlj 4 *wo_L*J| ial ^s^aJl jl^ . ^Jj Oj-^J La * — J j$\ ojLjlPU Aj v_9 

Jl <u_«jJL a_>j_j c^^AlajI aJsjij L^Jwa (c^LJL^-Ljl ) c^LyJJ 

ojLwa \jj ^jji jjt j Lj yC y*-\ <_£l /y> JLaJI J»-*Jl ^J a^»\ j^a}\ o-La 

ajLIj^-o j& jjOj j»1969 ^Ip 4 *^_i-JL> a .'* ^ o . > ^x-wJajJl 

. (Dictionnaire de Vancient franpais) io^JuJl 4™I yti\ aaJJI ^ y*\i 


^^'>\Ja_ s ^’ S y I ^j_£jLJ| i j£' J . /? a 1 j -- J l Jp jl j~P 

Jp LoJjj 4 ^ JJl ^J A-U>J>j I Jp -uiSJl Jp JJ *y *L S ^' 4 

a^^_JoW o jV 4 o^lpI IjjpLJj La-S"j L^-l* ^iJl c-jU fc )L*Jl a5L^_j> 

JlP jls UJ . J*jJL *4_*JJl f-l.il _Lo I Ju j~~+j ^-aLo_> jP Jl A~~jJL> HwjU jL*Jl 

JvL>xXLl w*l^»>“J iji LaJjp Aj y^i \JlSp ^w2j ^ yl^}\ ^jL*_<jl 

Ljl-^J jj— J lji_fcj .(The Meaning of Meaning) « l _ r ^j<_»Jl l _ 5 JwJt_*» 

(Hermeneutic) Lljjb N j i (i^-jJ_j5wJI oljJl jl ^J^LDL jIa 1 >) (Intentional) 
Jl j-p ^ *eiJUl LajL %> i l^''"*"' 0 ) 

(^l^_«Jl) I *> gjl ^5 ^Llh 

. (Signification) 


I4J J. 1 g .<3-1 1 _ J Jl o-iJJI " ; 0 J .,/? i L« i_jUiP^Jlj n . ^ 5 ^ 

■.(Enacted) obj^ ^ 1^5 <jJJI yt ISI ^)Lk?Jls t«ly yJUl I 

I^jI <u?-U yo 4»4UU ^ ^ « ^uL^j j& oh L>u-^?l^ 7 t . ..^ ■ 1-^) I y y i Ujc ^ ^ 

\£i ^Ui t^LkJl j] jl__Ul M J Nl /JLJJI J ,^S 

jLipIj Jl y j Jl i — ^>tj y-»-oJl Lbjl J| 


Greimas. Narrative Semiotics and Cognitive Discourses, p. 12. 


( 4 ) 


273 



U-gJ .4 -Js>LcLpIj 4 ^ j>t-A Q .*~J t o3^b>^ 4 JL ^Lj <uJa^> LgJ jb 

jjwp Ljl^pj-jVl ( JJL* <■ j_p jjwP- JLx.s'jL) 4 jj_j.^J 1 U.J? j^w^wwJl o| t — ww%Jl 
2jJ>-J Lg^-^wa jIAj dpi ^iJli C -Xpl ^3 "V -Lj C-^L^>s-ol * jI ^J-P ^5” yL) t 

^ Ifl * -o ^^Lp oJ-pLgJI 0 ^^3 0| -wLpI jjjJl oJl^J ( J^-oj JL*jNl o-La *\jj ^JpLs 

Lai .^J-*jsJI *\jj ^JbpLiU 4 jL^o jiI >.*.*& sl> .lJLla t^JLJL^ to 4 j^_c-J| JL^-pI 
- (Actants) dLpli oULS 1 aJii lilcj* tdiSS c^U-^p ^J <™JL 

^c^-wcJL^s t k^LJ^ ^1 j-P . 4-o Ua-^-eJ I (jL^-sNl ^_1_ oL-Co ^j_p 4_>e_i lj c-jLjL^S" ^1 

t o-jUa^Jl o-jI^ jl ^J-plj N t ^oL<u j-P jl ^L p LLJa 

ob iiU-A Ji j\ .4_*^gj ^jlia^Jl ( JjL$Jl ( j-P 4j>rJljJl cdjJl JaJb 

ol ^-^L*-} J yA-* . Lg-da^oi-w^Ji ^ L^-^J jJaj*y 1 ^3 1 1-La ^ 4_CL^_> 

olJJl - p-LSo ^JJl k^^cJJU (Syntactic Actant) jii\ JpliJ! jLSdl 
^^j-LglJl jl ^-^l ^JJl Jb j-A _ *Lo>-jJ jia^YI 

_ uji' j! tdJJi ^1 iiUiNL .(Virtual Person) J- iij o'jS^j ,j-Ul 

cd dJl ^gLp 4jLvaJl 4 -Cj>tJ ^ ^J^IS — ^ ^ 1 a ^jlS 

j^-LLpli J.iL*_> jJ 1-)lj>-I j ">L_pLi UL-S' jl . (Discursive Subject) 4 ^-jLLj^JI 

Li'jLp L^J C_4 jU? ^J l ^J*a Lpj-^->w0 L*_a jLj-^L 4J>-JJJ *ALa - 

^3 ^ojL 4 CjJi» ( Jj^Lgjl oL^LJl ^A U 4 JoJu 4 (j ol^LJsa ^JCCLi 
.(Maupassant) (6) jL-Ljy> o-Jl^il jlgjJL^aJl 4^aiJ ^oUj^p 

o-^lii>tJl ^3 j t aLpLjJI oLLS3! L^j axjj1h}\ <— g^ g j 

l g -o- g 4 J (jl '^t-j 4-w~~Ji ^jJl oC > L>g-l.la ^/2.^..1l bJLP ^uLxk_) ^P J^-L 3 

. 4Z*/3 Alca t 4j |»l3 la j+*+JL> Lj)jl b| LaLw 

j~L> t^JjJl ^Jlp ^ : (Modality) y& ^Jia-s^Jl 

. ®tj jJjJl j\ 4ji^>tJl ^3 3jl ^Jl <J j\ j-bt Jl ^Jl LoLol 1 -La 

jr J -C— Ljl t <k*~A> jJ.^£2[ 1 (5) 

Greimas, Maupassant: The Semiotics of Text: Practical Exercises , p. 3. (6) 

tijiSwJl t <uis j^cdl ; ( ji«oj Oj^ll) ^ ^*Lft (^) 

<Lz^a}\ ^j_a ^1 *Sw-a^^JL) ^*-~f* Jly— d b « . oaJ L jl ^JdwdLj Ai'fs- d ^ I Ll^—j) jjl 0^-S” 

.4jjUs jl _jl “C^jT ^1 4j jjj^a L^U5L dLot-l ^Jpldl 

Greimas and J. Courtes, Semiotics and Language: An Analytical Dictionary = (7) 
Semiotique, p. 193. 


274 



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jl L^-s j ^Jl 4-iij^iaJl e5^i ‘C^Jl jir^ J) ^ '- ^ ' .ojj^viJi jl 

iL~J oli*_>3 .((1930 ^Lc- ^ Vjij yi (jl5® LJ^S "^Cji .4^315” j\ 433 L & a^Ju^\j o^So 

4_£>eJJ ^Uvj^p jdjj>cl~d Jj£j l*JJJ »LvaJ 4 j j 5” 4jLJL>tJ ^Lbaj 4_g_>- 4iLi>l jl 
jl «JL>- 3 j£jl)\ a Ja pUapI Jo^j 4 jV <. <_£ j-*Jdl <U>j ^ydaJwoJ i w’jil 

_yU_> Lo y* (Modalisation) tlil . (Axiomatic Status) j 

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t (((l)i L 7 . -. 1 4 jj 5"® ((^Jl jia.ya.,a ® i. (((jl I 4.JLJI ,/2 1 1 IbjJ 1 J-£a^ .1^5' 

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II il) ^_^Jl 3 ^j>- o3_L>c_a caL ^ Values) 

(Virtual y^J' JjU; «^Jl «jl Oj^>» 4Jw> I 

((ijl ^Ja^-wvu 01 .j-P>- ^^3 1 4,^j>-j^Jl ^-aJI jJ Level) 

^Ji oL^>juj ((^)^-^j®_^ ((^J-o-^j® Li-Lo c ajaI^JI aJL>*JI 

OjLj*JI (( ^A 4^>“^xjJl 4^w3.)i *LLa| C ..XacJI ^i ^sA>CLll a 

.(Induction) ^Ip ^LapVI VJj (Hypothetico-Deductive) 

oLL50i 4j j> jAj ^jj! wb J j>uj ^ jJu 4^J?“j^Ji ^ ^fl.. ! ' *UL^>I j\ 

*s>-j JL^Sflj 4 J ./? •; >a l^jl .(^ 53 w>UapJI ^ olj-Ui (^1 - <LpLsJ| 
t JUL .ojjjJ 2 }\j (Discontinuous) (l j^s^> j\) 4^JaJL« L^JU IjJ 4J-)d>cJt 

(Continuous) (qj^l~-J>\ j \ ) 4Ju^uJl o^UJl aJ Sj^li ^p 
4 J L>x_i 4ia^J yj\ j\ _ (J 4_al?L»Jl j jjl j ^L^JL tALa ii fc >L»Jl 

i^^JI ^Jl cJ 15 lil tdUi J\ iiU>L .J*ill ^ S/jl, - (8> «JpUJI /^liJl 

* g l l oi-3 t |>UijJl j < — -_^j j J j jg oL^jJj 4_P^^->s_a ^JLL) 

L>-^ tfJlj LJLi! 


jV-la-L* J-SLlj l.-^.J’-^gJ ^JW2J 

ji ^ (Aspectuality) U ^ 




- J 1 . 




Algirdas Julien Greimas and Jacques Fontanille, The Semiotics of Passions: From (8) 
States of Affairs to States of Feeling , Translation by Paul Perron and Frank Collins; Foreword 
by Paul Perron and Paolo Fabbri (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1991), p. 5. 


275 



^3 J 1 a../? o 1| ld_& <1)1 J& iSj+J • AjLd' L*J A- 2Jg| ^*JJ 

J y IgjN rKjVlj jy>Jl 4 ^jJl«)) : (Capital de la douleur) «jl Ji Jjj)> Ij^al 

f. fr *■ 

£^lj_*Jl jl Ajy^JI <u*JiJl ry> M dj 4 (Inchoateness) Jp 

.fr ^-oJt L^d| i^yo f _y] I 

wlXP (j £*SJS.*.> LjwLLP 4 o JajJl 4 AIjIJj ^3 la-d3 J ^JLa 4 

oLoJl 4 j»*!>UaJl y_p L^J ^Jiyj a!L>JJ! dJJu J 

aLlAj . 1 }Ll& . <LJ^\.g ~ 1 jl Jl aJ_^ai <j| 4 jL. /?_!->- i-j . ((LgjJ jJi ]ff y Aj ^ jLdl 

y* 1^3 oUj>sJLj ^jJl |» ^ >»Jl (jl-^-odl ^ ^Aj j ^ la <y 1 1 ^ _1| <J y>- A*^~pI_«»«>1 

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. 4 -JJtOj AjL*JJ o 3 y>w» Lfj Jd ol^d/i y> k&yos^-a J J y 

®A> Jadl* y& A^JLda jS> cIjI^ jSla i y ^w*iLwd J*-l ^dlg +0J 3 -liL^ 
^-gUi5vl AjyJ>oVi *-*y - yJJ ai^jJLj y <, yu^Kz> oNjj jL*£I L»-Sj . (Isotopy) 
<1)1 ^ U a l^ xl (aj j . Ja . 'J l) Sjo y^ 3 <jl 4 Jp J- 

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>. — a1x>tJ Ajj .^^l>tl<dl Jj>-1 Jl ^>-13 ^J\yLa Ouj^am^ ^pii 

J-&J t AJ>-b>iJl ^P Ivijlj aIvsjj / ^> T _ L ...^J I ^Vj^j ^-_»1 yd I ^gjL^jdl y_p 

[ySLojdl pL^_JC 1 ^yj] Aj j-JajJl ^Jda_s^2_oj . (Pun) ajjjjJI a^j ^ y\ 

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4 *>lLa 4jpUJl Jl ^ yC (jl - U^ L “ • Actorial : J^15 <1) Ji <1)1 JUj AjJidl 
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(yjJl y^-ojdl o«-ol -ti Isotopy /^ iJg-s^oj <jl 


276 



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Algirdas Julien Greimas, Structural Semantics: An Attempt at a Method = Semantique (9) 
structural, Translated by Daniele McDowell, Ronald Schleifer, and Alan Velie; with an 
Introduction by Ronald Schleifer (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1983), p. 112. 

Algirdas Julien Greimas, "On Chance Occurrences in what we Call the Human (10) 
Sciences: Analysis of Text by Georges Dumezil,” in: Greimas, Narrative Semiotics and Cognitive 
Discourses, pp. 59-91. 


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Greimas, Maupassant: The Semiotics of Text: Practical Exercises , p. 243. (l 1) 


278 



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1 Lvk>*y 1 ijLJjaj- ^n\ij^-\ (Jb^l 

Greimas, Algirdas Julien. Du Sens; essais semiotiques. Paris: Editions du Seuil, 
1970-1983. 2 vols. 

. Maupassant: The Semiotics of Text: Practical Exercises. Translated by 

Paul Perron. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: J. Benjamins pub. Co., 1988. 
(Semiotic Crossroads; vol. 1 ) 

. Of Gods and Men : Studies in Lithuanian Mythology. Translated by 

Milda Newman. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992. 

(Folklore Studies in Translation) 

. On Meaning: Selected Writings in Semiotic Theory. Translation by 

Paul J. Perron and Frank H. Collins; Foreword by Fredric Jameson; 
Introduction by Paul J. Perron. Minneapolis; University of Minnesota 
Press, 1987. (Theory and History of Literature; vol. 38) 

. The Social Sciences, a Semiotic View. Foreword by Paolo Fabbri and 

Paul Perron; Translation by Paul Perron and Frank H. Collins. 
Minneapolis; University of Minnesota Press, 1990. 

. Structural Semantics: An Attempt at a Method = Semantique 

structurale. Translated by Daniele McDowell, Ronald Schleifer, and 
Alan Velie; with an Introduction by Ronald Schleifer. Lincoln: University 
of Nebraska Press, 1983. 

and J. Courtes. Semiotics and Language: An Analytical Dictionary = 

Semiotique. Translation by Larry Crist. Bloomington: Indiana University 
Press, 1982. (Advances in Semiotics) 

and Jacques Fontanille. The Semiotics of Passions: From States of 

Affairs to States of Feeling. Translation by Paul Perron and Frank 
Collins; Foreword by Paul Perron and Paolo Fabbri. Minneapolis: 
University of Minnesota Press, 1991. 


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: LiiJ>l olf-t ji 

Schleifer, Ronald. A. J. Greimas and the Nature of Meaning: Linguistics, 
Semiotics, and Discourse Theory. London: Croom Helm, 1987. 

Sorensen, Dolf. Theory Formation and the Study of Literature. Amsterdam: 
Rodopi, 1987. 


280 



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Hjelmslev, Louis. Language; an Introduction. Translated from the Danish by 
Francis J. Whitfield. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1970. 

. Prolegomena to a Theory of Language. Translated by Francis J. 


Julia Kristeva, Revolution in Poetic Language = Revolution du langage poetique, (15) 
Translated by Margaret Waller; with an Introduction by Leon S. Roudicz (New York: Columbia 
University Press, 1984), pp. 38-40. 

Umberto Eco, A Theory of Semiotics , Advances in Semiotics (Bloomington: Indiana (16) 
University Press, 1979), p. 52. 

Jacques Derrida, Of Grammatology — De La Grammatologie, Translated by Gayatri (17) 
Chakravorty Spivak (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976), pp. 57-60. 


289 



Whitfield. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1963. 

: ole-l y 

Derrida, Jacques. Of Grammatology = De La Grammatologie. Translated by 
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 
1976. 

Eco, Umberto. A Theory of Semiotics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 
1979. (Advances in Semiotics) 

Kristeva, Julia. Revolution in Poetic Language = Revolution du langage 
poetique. Translated by Margaret Waller; with an Introduction by Leon 
S. Roudiez. New York: Columbia University Press, 1984. 

Saussure, Ferdinand de. Cours de linguistique generate. Publie par Charles 
Bally et Albert Sechehaye, avec la collaboration de Albert Riedlinger, ed. 
critique preparee par Tullio de Mauro. Paris: Payot, 1976. (Payotheque) 

Siertsema, Bertha. A Study of Glossematics; Critical Survey of its Fundamental 
Concepts. The Hague: M. Nijhoff, 1955. 


290 



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Julia Kristeva, “Word, Dialogue, Novel,” in; Julia Kristeva and ToriJ Moi, eds., : ^kJl (1) 

The Kristeva Reader (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986), pp. 34-61. 

Julia Kristeva: Semelotike: Recherehes pour une semanalys (Paris: Editions du : j — la — ;l (2) 

Seuil. 1969), and “The System and the Speaking Subject,” in; Kristeva and Toril Moi (eds.), 
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Julia Kristeva, Revolution in Poetic Language — Revolution du langage poetique, (3) 
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Julia Kristeva, Black Sun: Depression and Melancholia = Soleil noir, European (4) 
Perspectives, Translated by Leon S. Roudiez (New York: Columbia University Press, 1989), 
p. 53. 


296 



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Kristeva, Julia. About Chinese Women. Translated from the French by Anita 
Barrows. New York; London: M. Boyars, 1986. 

. Black Sun: Depression and Melancholia = Soleil noir. Translated by 

Leon S. Roudiez. New York: Columbia University Press, 1989. 
(European Perspectives) 

. Desire in Language: A Semiotic Approach to Literature and Art. Edited 

by Leon S. Roudiez; Translated by Thomas Gora, Alice Jardine, and 
Leon S. Roudiez. Oxford: Blackwell, 1984. 

. Language and the Unknown: An Initiation Into Linguistics = Langage, 

cet inconnu. Translated by Anne M. Menke. New York: Columbia 


297 



University Press, 1989. (European Perspectives) 

— . Polylogue. Paris: Seuil, 1977. (Collection tel quell) 

— . Powers of Horror: An Essay on Abjection. Translated by Leon S. 
Roudiez. New York: Columbia University Press, 1982. (European 
Perspectives) 

— . Revolution in Poetic Language = Revolution du langage poetique. 
Translated by Margaret Waller; with an Introduction by Leon S. 
Roudiez. New York: Columbia University Press, 1984. 

— . Semelotike: Recherches pour une semanalyse. Paris: Editions du Seuil, 
1969. 

— . Strangers to Ourselves = Etrangers a nous-memes. Translated by Leon 
S. Roudiez. New York: Columbia University Press, 1991. (European 
Perspectives) 

— . Tales of Love = Histoires d amour. Translated by Leon S. Roudiez. 
New York: Columbia University Press, 1987. 

— . Le Texte du roman; approche semiologique d'une structure discursive 
transformationnelle. The Hague: Mouton, 1970. (Approaches to Semio- 
tics; 6) 

— and Toril Moi (eds.). The Kristeva Reader. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 
1986. 


: ‘LiLid oUi Js 

Fletcher, John and Andrew E. Benjamin. Abjection, Melancholia, and Love: 
The Work of Julia Kristeva. Edited by John Fletcher and Andrew 
Benjamin. London; New York: Routledgc, 1990. 

Grosz, Elizabeth A. Sexual Subversions: Three French Feminists. North 
Sydney, NSW: Allen and Unwin, 1989. (Warwick Studies in Philosophy 
and Literature) 

Lechte, John. Julia Kristeva. London; New York: Routledge, 1990. (Critics of 
the Twentieth Century) 

Oliver, Kelly. Reading Kristeva: Unraveling the Double-Bind. Bloomington: 
Indiana University Press, 1993. 


298 



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Indiana University Press, 1979). and Julia Kristeva, Language and the Unknown: An Initiation 
Into Linguistics = Langage, cet inconnu, European Perspectives, Translated by Anne M. Menke 

(New York: Columbia University Press, 1989). 


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Eco, Ibid., p. 68. (3) 

Umberto Eeo, Semiotics and the Philosophy of Language (London: Macmillan, 1984), p. (4) 
212 . 


302 



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Eco, A Theory of Semiotics, pp. 191-201. 


.193 


(5) 

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ULi? 1)1 O) C^LobbJJ ( J^ j-J Ljiaj 

IAmmLmiVI t j» j*> jjJjl—, jJjLJ) JL^cl 

Peirce, Charles Santiago Sanders. Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce. 
Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1931-1958. 8 vols. 

. Peirce on Signs: Writings on Semiotic. Edited by James Hoopes. 

Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991. 


: iiUil oUl i 

» p v 

Eco, Umberto. Semiotics and the Philosophy of Language. London: Macmillan, 

1984. 

. A Theory of Semiotics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1979. 

(Advances in Semiotics) 

Fisch, Max Harold, Kenneth Laine Ketner and Christian J. W. Kloesel (eds.). 
Peirce, Semeiotic, and Pragmatism: Essays. Bloomington: Indiana 
University Press, 1986. 

Hookway, Christopher. Peirce. London; Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 

1985. (Arguments of the Philosophers) 

Kristeva, Julia. Language and the Unknown: An Initiation Into Linguistics = 
Langage, cet inconnu. Translated by Anne M. Menke. New York: 
Columbia University Press, 1989. (European Perspectives) 

Savan, David. An Introduction to C.S. Peirce’s Semiotics. Toronto: Toronto 
Semiotic Circle, 1988. 


306 



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de Saussure, “Lettre de F. de Saussure a Antoine Meillet,” Cahiers Ferdinand de Saussure , vol. 21 
(1964), p. 95, 

Jonathan D. Culler, Ferdinand de Saussure (Ithaca, N.Y.: : ^LlS' y jJlS oUL y>r La j-S"ij 
Cornell University Press, 1986), p. 24. 


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\ 4—yLi*Vl J ^ M># ^ ci ^ 

Saussure, Ferdinand de. Cours de linguistique generate. Publie par Charles 
Bally et Albert Sechehaye, avec la collaboration de Albert Riedlinger, ed. 
critique preparee par Tullio de Mauro. Paris: Payot, 1976. (Payotheque) 

. Cours de linguistique generate. Ed. critique par Rudolf Engler. 

Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1967-1974. 

. Course in General Linguistics. Edited by Charles Bally and Albert 

Sechehaye in Collaboration with Albert Riedlinger; Translated and 
Annotated by Roy Harris. London: Duckworth, 1983. 

. Course in General Linguistics = Cours de linguistique generate. Edited 

by Charles Bally and Albert Sechehaye in Collaboration with Albert 
Riedlinger; Translated from the French by Wade Baskin. London: 
Fontana, 1974. 


JLfljJI Jjjli JJ J (») 


314 



— . «Lettre de F. de Saussure a Antoine Meillet.» Cahiers Ferdinand de 
Saussure : vol. 21, 1964. 


: aJUI oUI y 

Benveniste, Emile. Problems in General Linguistics = Problemes de linguistique 
generate. Translated by Mary Elizabeth Meek. Coral Gables, Fla.: 
University of Miami Press, 1971. (Miami Linguistics Series; no. 8) 

Culler, Jonathan D. Ferdinand de Saussure. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University 
Press, 1986. 

Gadet, Frangoise. Saussure and Contemporary Culture. Translated by Gregory 
Elliott. London: Hutchinson Radius, 1989. 

Harris, Roy. Reading Saussure: A Critical Commentary on the Cours de 
linguistique generate. London: Duckworth, 1987. 

Holdcroft, David. Saussure: Signs, System, and Arbitrariness. Cambridge; New 
York: Cambridge University Press, 1991. (Modern European Philosophy) 


315 



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OjL ^jL-o) ( j_^j^-L-Jl yj ^Ja-Lo^ l l ya 0 C—9 j^-ll LiJ^ ^3 


Francis Dosse, Histoire du structuralisme , textes a 1'appui. Serie histoire (1) 
contemporaine, 2 vols. (Paris: Editions la dccouverte, 1991-1992), vol. 1: Le Champ du signe , 
p. 240. 


316 



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Tzvetan Todorov, “La Description de la signification en litterature,” Communications , (2) 
no. 4 (1964). 

Tzvetan Todorov, “Les Categories du recit litteraire,” Communications, no. 8 (1966), (3) 
pp. 125-151. 


317 


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.Aa^aJ jJ^ail (7) 

Tzvetan Todorov, Mikhail Bakhtin: The Dialogical Principle , Theory and History of (8) 
Literature; vol. 13, Translated by Wlad Godzich (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 
1984), p. 94. 


319 



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Tzvetan Todorov, The Conquest of America: The Question of the Other = Conquele de (11) 
TAmerique, Translated from the French by Richard Howard (New York: Harper and Row, 
1984), pp. 49-50. 


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Tzvetan Todorov, Nous et les autres: La Reflexion franfaise sur la diver site humaine , la (13) 
couleur des idees (Paris: Seuil, 1989), p. 428. 


323 



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'. 4.«.«oLn V I i*J)JjJSj2 (jUa^S^j J La-P^ 

Todorov, Tzvetan. «Les Categories du recit litteraire.» Communications : no. 8, 
1966. 

. The Conquest of America: The Question of the Other = Conquete de 

I’Amerique. Translated from the French by Richard Howard. New York: 
Harper and Row, 1984. 

. «La Description de la signification en litterature.» Communications: 

no. 4, 1964. 

. Face a I’extreme. Paris: Seuil, 1991. (La Couleur des idees) 

. The Fantastic: A Structural Approach to a Literary Genre = 

Introduction a la lilterature fantastique. Translated from the French by 
Richard Howard; with a Foreword by Robert Scholes. Ithaca, N. Y.: 
Cornell University Press, 1975. (Cornell Paperbacks) 

. Frele honheur: Essai sur Rousseau. Paris: Hachette, 1985. (Textes du 

XXe siecle) 

. Genres in Discourse = Genres du discours. Translated by Catherine 

Porter. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990. 

. Grammaire du Decameron. The Hague, Paris: Mouton, 1969. 

(Approaches to Semiotics; no. 3) 

. Introduction to Poetics = Poetique. Translation from the French by 

Richard Howard; Introduction by Peter Brooks. Minneapolis: University 
of Minnesota Press, 1981. (Theory and History of Literature; vol. 1) 

. Literature and its Theorists: A Personal View of Twentieth-Century 

Criticism. Translated by Catherine Porter. London: Routledge and K. 
Paul, 1988. 

. Mikhail Bakhtin: The Dialogical Principle. Translated by Wlad 

Godzich. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984. (Theory and 
History of Literature; vol. 13) 

. Les Morales de Thistoire. Paris: B. Grasset, 1991. (Le College de 

philosophic; 1142-3072) 

. La Notion de lilterature et autres essais. Paris: Seuil, 1987. (Points; 
188. Litterature) 

. Nous et les autres: La Reflexion franpaise sur la diversite humaine. 

Paris: Seuil, 1989. (La Couleur des idees) 

. On Human Diversity: Nationalism, Racism, and Exoticism in French 

Thought = Nous et les autres. Translated by Catherine Porter. 


324 



Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993. (Convergences: 
Inventories of the Present) 


.* oUl ji 

Bann, Stephen. «Structuralism and the Revival of Rhetoric. » Sociological 
Review Monograph: vol. 25, August 1977. 

Bottomley, Gill and John Lechte. «Nation and Diversity in France. » Journal of 
Intercultural Studies: vol. 11, no. 1, 1990. 

Dosse, Francois. Histoire du structuralisme. Paris: Editions la decouverte, 
1991-1992. 2 vols. (Textes a l’appui. Serie histoire contemporaine) 

Vol. 1: Le Champ du signe. 


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Luce Irigaray, This Sex Which is not One = Ce Sexe qui n’en est pas un , Fourth (1) 
Printing, Translated by Catherine Porter with Carolyn Burke (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University 
Press, 1988), p. 23. 

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Minuit, 1984), p. 70. 

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Margaret Whitford, Lwce Irigaray: Philosophy in the Feminine (London; New York: (5) 
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Elizabeth A. Grosz, Sexual Subversions: Three French Feminists (North Sydney, NSW: (6) 
Allen and Unwin, 1989), p. 101. 

Luce Irigaray, Marine Lover of Friedrich Nietzsche = Amante marine. Translated by (7) 
Gillian C. Gill (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991). 

Luce Irigaray, Passions elementaires (Paris: Editions de Minuit, 1982). (8) 

Luce Irigaray, L’Oubli de Fair chez Martin Heidegger, collection critique (Paris: (9) 
Editions de Minuit, 1983). 

Luce Irigaray, Divine Women , Trans. Stephen Muecke (Sydney: Local Consumption (10) 
Publications, 1986), p. 8. 


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Margaret Whitford, “Identity and Violence,” in: Margaret Whitford, Luce : j la II J_ 

Irigarav Philosophy in the Feminine, pp. 123- 147. 


336 



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; a^Lmi^II ^\j[ijjj\ ^yt JL^p! 

Irigaray, Luce. An Ethics of Sexual Difference = Ethique de la difference 
sexuelle. Translated by Carolyn Burke and Gillian C. Gill. Ithaca, N.Y.: 
Cornell University Press, 1993. 

. Divine Women. Trans. Stephen Muecke. Sydney: Local Consumption 

Publications, 1986. 

. Elemental Passions = Passions elementaires. Translated from the 

French by Joanne Collie and Judith Still. New York: Routledge, 1992. 

. Ethique de la difference sexuelle. Paris: Editions de Minuit, 1984, 

(Collection critique) 

— . Je, tu, nous: Toward a Culture of Difference. Translated from the 
French by Alison Martin. New York, NY: Routledge, 1993. 

. Je, tu, nous: Toward a Culture of Difference. Translated by Alison 

Martin. New York: Routledge, 1992. 

. Le Langage des dements. The Hague: Mouton, 1973. (Approaches to 

Semiotics; 24) 

. Marine Lover of Friedrich Nietzsche = Amante marine. Translated by 

Gillian C. Gill. New York: Columbia University Press, 1991. 

. L’Oubli de Fair chez Martin Heidegger. Paris: Editions de Minuit, 

1983. (Collection critique) 

. Passions elementaires. Paris: Editions de Minuit, 1 982. 

. This Sex Which is not One = Ce Sexe qui n’en est pas un. Translated by 

Catherine Porter with Carolyn Burke. Fourth Printing. Ithaca, N.Y.: 
Cornell University Press. 1988. 

. Speculum of the Other Woman = Speculum de I’autre femme. 

Translated by Gillian C. Gill. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 
1985. 


Luce Irigaray. Je. tu, nous: Toward a Culture of Difference, Translated from the (13) 
French by Alison Martin (New York, NY: Routledge, 1993), p. 25. 


337 



: cjUI ji 

Allen, Jeffner and Iris Marion Young (ed.). The Thinking Muse: Feminism and 
Modern French Philosophy. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989. 
Grosz, Elizabeth A. Sexual Subversions: Three French Feminists. North 
Sydney, NSW: Allen and Unwin, 1989. 

Whitford, Margaret. Luce Irigaray: Philosophy in the Feminine. London; New 
York: Routledge, 1991. 


338 



Michele Le Doeuff JLu-y> 

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( The ^y-g-s..-l a J! (JLywodl aJI jO-pj L*~j y ^jL>- **“* ^ j ^ ~ yddl *— j Li^J! 

. Philosophical Imaginary) 

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djly yjJl ( Critique of Pure Reason) j.rt-aroll J3L«JI Juj AjI^ y 5JI Jlii 
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Michele Le Doeuff, Hipparchia’s Choice: An Essay Concerning Women, Philosophy, etc (1) 

= Etude et le rouet, Translated by Trista Selous (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989), p. 23. 
Michele Le Doeuff, The Philosophical Imaginary — Recherches sur Vimaginaire (2) 
philosophique. Translated by Colin Gordon (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1989). 
Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason. Trans. Norman Kemp-Smith (London, (3) 
Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1970), p. 257. 


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Elizabeth A. Grosz, Sexual Subversions: Three French Feminists (North Sydney, NSW: (9) 

Allen and Unwin, 1989), p. 212. 

Meaghan Morris, “Operative Reasoning: Michele Le Doeuff, Philosophy and (10) 
Feminism," Ideology and Consciousness , vol. 9 (1981), p. 77. 

Grosz, Ibid., p. 212. \^i\sS ^ cjSs sjj US' 


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Le Doeuff, Michele. Hipparchia’s Choice: An Essay Concerning Women, 
Philosophy, etc = Etude et le rouet. Translated by Trista Selous. Oxford: 
Basil Blackwell, 1989. 

. The Philosophical Imaginary = Recherches sur Vimaginaire philoso- 

phique. Translated by Colin Gordon. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford 
University Press, 1989. 

. «Utopias: Scholarly. » Trans. Susan Rotenstreich. Social Research: vol. 

49, no. 2, 1982. 

. «Women and Philosophy. » Radical Philosophy: vol. 17, 1977. 

: d^l*l j* 

Grosz, Elizabeth A. Sexual Subversions: Three French Feminists. North 
Sydney, NSW: Allen and Unwin, 1989. 

Kant, Immanuel. Critique of Pure Reason. Trans. Norman Kemp-Smith. 

London, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1970. 

Morris, Meaghan. «Operative Reasoning: Michele Le Doeuff, Philosophy and 
Feminism. » Ideology and Consciousness: vol. 9, 1981. 

Roussel, Pierre. Systeme physique et moral de la femme, [s. 1.]: [s. n.], 1777. 


346 



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Ajjj_w_jl AjLw_ L aJ| ^1 .^Lta^ _ '^/l t ^-3 ^JLi U5 t A_^x^- L?*x— <j«J I 

. ( 2 \(i,a^J| a-~«L~J| ijjiiJJ »LJl 

j^p oji^ioJl jUi ^3 L*_>) ^^L~Jl ^J-v^l cJ _^>* ^J^Lw^l j| 

L^l . I ^ « * « >i lg jjU^_. ^jP o^_>-Lp ol j-Jl jL ^ j - 1 (^p I J-5_*Jl 

j jAjj 'cJ^ - ^“^L^wa jj^ j - 4 ‘-iJJ.s j Li 1 ,,^,, ^ ^-^-lg OjjL^j 

j| .51 ^<JJ (Destiny) IjJi AjwL^>jl <uijl jl^i^o j-^jjj -Aij ji ^j-a ,, A^ j| jLkJL 
0 1 ^ ytLi <L.—J>- A-olU-Jl aL^][S) Lg-oP-i_> ^jlil jb j-o'i/l 

j-A Si I jl^o jl SjjJa-^lj c JL.J ^ ^ ha J-*j 

i»jojj>j| ^ I aJ^jI ^J l jl jl S jj C-^JI 

j»UJl jl>e^JL] LxLxl ^^Jl A^jkl^-Vl aJajI ^J l i)\ .Aj ^>-1 aIsjI j LgJP 

jL>«^a _ ^UJl jL>««<Jl Lai .aJlSC^JI a-^LJI Lj^JlSj l^| c a_j ^j>tJI JL>b_^ _ 
^3 .j»UJl jl>*^»Jl ^p Laj>J j j£y> - * LajJ I 

^5 ^ ^ j3j U5 C AjIJj>J| jjLijll ^0 AjlS ^-L>«j jLioNl j| C jjkjLj (J^Aj t^l 

.^UJl j L>e_^JI A-s^jljt-^Jl ^ jj-jo jl »>j t a^*»L^uJ| AjjJajJl 


Carole Pateman, The Disorder of Women: Democracy, Feminism, and Political Theory (2) 
(Cambridge: Polity Press, 1989), p. 14. 


350 



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t(jU>- ^Jl jl-Lao ^_^oLJ (Jl^- o ^L*Jl <Jb>*-«Ji dj^-Ju f-L-jJJ q L ^JI l^o 
tJL>*lj of ol oLaJo>*-o Oj^J ol j r 5L^_) 'y 4 jN 0JJ3 
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4 llA CjL) jx<*a.'l o-La -LaL« ^ I o-Lw>-jJl AAjjJaJIj l ( yA^L^>~\ ^jp 

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aJI Ml 11 (jbwb JJl^J o j^sJL^oJl Ax-^-JaJ I ^yo | v-P jJl ^i-P 

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352 



k ij ^\ jLUl jujUSJI jl^'L yS y b[ aJUJI 

^jp A j-oJl V Ol - LI jj |t-P jJl .^ip - t— «.«.y?Jl A^SL^u* I 


v^J-L (_$ jp - ! J jLjo a_L*L£LI a^*L-**JI aSjLL^JI f-L~jJ( 3L*-jLs>-'y 

A_*_*JaJl Oj, .A-LLSs-J*J L • <JljL« j .^l*Jl (JL»*_^J|^ AjJ-al A_5_1 _*JL<jJ| 

oLJl (<J j_4^xJl) 4JiJl ^1 p Ia^- 5 ^L*JI (JLftxJJ a 1^ jjLJl «LJlb<>Ji 

(j * jJ J Li.. : : j5 LJ>r J^-® ^j^5CL* L'j t-Lol« ^51 Lg_^j 

^3 Lc^-u^jj- 5 ^ oJjL>- L«* 5 j .oL>oVi ^3 ^3 LjJ_?-I Jji ^IjL^j 

>o ^ J AjjJ j-sA? KAj^iJU Ab^-o A^-j 3 iillA C -bj ^3 ^>-T k_*oL>- 

o j-^L Lo L^_x5sJj t ^-jL>*JI la a & (__^L 'y aj j-^-ll oL-a . aLj~u>*JI aJ jjJI ^3 L^_bo 
jj> kjj^ l^Jl .(Cosmopolitan Subject) l y_ J Ji*h\ j yiJl ^ijl ^ ^JUJI olJUl 
0 ^JLU ^aJI cL>l ^Ll aj^JiL LaiL^I jI /^^>~<»Jl 


: v-L-^l jlil J jjU JUpI 

Pateman, (parole. The Disorder of Women: Democracy, Feminism, and Political 
Theory. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1989. 

. Participation and Democratic Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge Uni- 
versity Press, 1970. 

. The Problem of Political Obligation: A Critique of Liberal Theory. 

Cambridge: Polity Press, 1985. 

. The Sexual Contract. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1988. 


: 5JL^»I OUI J 

Dean, Mitchell. «Pateman’s Dilemma: Women and Citizenship.)) Theory and 
Society: vol. 21, no. 1, February 1992. 

Kristeva, Julia. Strangers to Ourselves = Etr angers a nous-memes. Translated 
by Leon S. Roudiez. New York: Columbia University Press, 1991. 
(European Perspectives) 

Yeatman, Anna. «Carole Pateman’s The Sexual Contract.)) Thesis Eleven : no. 
26, 1990. 


Julia Kristeva, Strangers to Ourselves = Strangers a nous-memes, European It : i (4) 
Perspectives, Translated by Leon S. Roudiez (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991). 


353 




JLau I4 


1 A * . «JaJl ~ "j 4_~w^SjLaJl J_*_> La Lj 
aS j>- \ (JjLjo ciJliJLSj 4 4_Asl^JLo_) AJlI 4^2_fcL_oJl 

4_Lpli <XS jl «Uoca AJlSp jjJ d ^xj jLJl ol j-JdJl 


AoJA^oJl ^LflJ^I 4»~» *^jL»Jl J_*j La 4j .jLjLal iJ1j!3 

Aji^^ 3 I ^^Jlc' 4 * *»5' ^ i 1 1 a^L 4 L ~J 1 ^^*S"jLa 

{jL<k-*Jl ^-jg-Jg _ <U-oJljP 4_g_—L> ^ j_>>j 0 j-£- 9 4 liA>w« i J ./g ; g- 

4«w»-a5'jLoJI A*j La j j^JLaj .aS\ JL!!j*))\ j^S> ^jJLflj ^-A-u - (ajjLlJ^ 

.(LaISLoI j) AJjla I a AjjJl>- A^Jgl ^ J Lo^o Jj>-I (jr° oVl Oj-taL>*_> 
4^« « >* AJl ^ _^g ^-a ^2 LA»S\A~«j! OjAjjI <C^- (JLa-pl 

.OLw^jNI (^jji>-j ^<ki>t<Jlj aj^^sJL 


355 




Theodor Adorno 3* j 3^ j 3*3£ 


.^1903 ^*Lp JJyyjjy ^-v^l c^a>xJ yjj.il jJ j 

J^jJ! LjJl^p jJj yjyi yw»l JaJL-ul Ji jj^w» Uoj (Martin Jay) yL>- yjU 
,y.i jy *dl J ^ LJajI AjV J»1938 ^»lp .1 }jjjj*j ^y A^P V I <2 ->j>t^J| 

^»1919j 1918 yw (Siegfried Kracauer) jj5\j5 Ju X jJjj.>I yj-i 
i" - ~^- Oj j_A^jl y l_>^_> j^*jJl Aj jjliJl AI_»>>lj.i aJ 1-o5 | Jl*jj .Lolp 15 o oLSj 

^y olj jlS’jJl pi g .*> (Jljj .^yL^yj^Jlj JlJl yfpj ylpj AjLwvwLflJl ^y<j.i 

^i-JLJl iJjjJ L— i jJjjil y_*i ^»1925 ^»Lp ^y .1924 j»Ip oL^LLH 

yp UL« j-JUo lJu A^UD C— 3 jJ! ^-9 J t (jdJ! k — 9 1 J-^»| C.^xJ j_oJl 

A A^J >>\JLp V ® _j aJLoI <—>!_?- jl J_*_>J ljL^-p| Lygj- yaJ *- 

i\Xt>L lJuj 1 926 j>Lp y> Ojj-i£Jl y ^Lp (Vienna Circle) (<&) lyi a_pL_>- 

wL>j yj (Jjliij 0 -j15*j A_*_aL>xJl ^y ^yjJjJJ a_J_^aLl 1I oijjiSJxJl ajs-JjJpI 

A-5»“J o J la y$0j <• 5-JLJAu*J yJI ij^Jaill y ^yj^Ul ^ jg a* lyl jipj 

*Llj I o!j-^-*-j y j-J>-l a_^j j-kl j»1931 ^»Lp ^y y c cu +& &j 

a^ 3 *U- yJJI jJl ( y J»1933 ^Ip O j-*Xo yilj 4(<JL*^*Jl 4A^Jld) Ia Ja.*...*»^f 1 

OywJ c-> j jjiSLi ly |» ..<o j 1 o-La J jy 3y>*yj . aLlLvJI ^JJ 

^j-4l>i AjjLJI ya i — Jj yjjj .aJ ^A^La jLs^? Ol -C*-J ® A_^ LiJL>- V I 

,I^L>Jl ^Jl yL. j~?- j»1934 y ^1 OfJwJl 


^-1)1 wiLLi L yjj^> L $- J .(Logical Positivism) iykdl ic-yil oli : L~i ipy (•§) 

Lo! i liLyjl^dJ C-olSj 4 Av^*>Ia]1 ^yA AjvL*Jl C-w<^s^j VUaa 9 y ‘uL^jLall Ijli^l 01^ 

jJ-*Jl a^>- L vw 1 L^sa^s 


357 



^3 £uL jS/l ^--^1 ^3-Sl ^Jj. ^Lo>^a j*>U jJjj^I jLp 1938 j*Lp ^ 

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^jLl^Jl ^Jlp ^ J~*p ISLj-* 1 ^ jl5 . (Lazarsfeld) -LLJ-^jIjN 

. ( Doktor Faustus) C— ji ^P <jLa ^^^La j* I 

s— >L5 ^3 I J-- / 2- C ' .Jjip (J^>- LwLLla lta\j j^»->Lg5jj^> ^%5La ^ 

^ l ja JjSl ^JJl (Dialectic of Enlightenment) j *&* (dJuiSsJUa) 

oLM jJl ii jJ i (_5^ <j» 1 953 j»L p .j»1947 j»Lp 

«d IjJ-Ca ^ 1 959 j»lP ^^3 j 4 A^-oJl ^3 L./3« a ^Jj*5lwJ Ojj-gSol ^3 ^Jl ^Ipj 

-’jLis ^a C5^ 3^ j^j {^^LJl JlA*Jl 4j L^j ^a .^ojL^5j^£ .ApLgj (jl >X*j 

U> ^sSsj jlS LoJwu ^3 ^1969 ^Lp ^3 jJ <^5l5La Ij-Li^-I 

(JL*_>Jl ^LJii) LLJa^^ll 4jjJaJ j-*j ^/' t^JUpI ^-a! ^jL jj^-JL^Jl 

. {Aesthetic Theory) 


<• t «. /i\ 

t^JUl (_$-uJl ^Lp Ljjp- j^i cJLo-pl j js*- (_£jLptJI ^j^LijJI <j| 

. jjj_J»Jl Jju La j 4jI Jj>xJ'i Jjo Loj ^/?L>rJl j5LflJl iwolj_>- jJjjj! <U3 

4jj_^JL jLcuJI *xJLJ Lla ^L^jlaI La 1 j*ZSj 

jl i_$jj j~Jii\ i)j£-t L»-~hj ( Negative Dialectics) ^JlJI Jjl>JI ‘uLS’ 

J> «.<**? g ~> Js»LflJ o-Lp ^5 jjL) (1)1 Usui LwJ-P ( Lla jjjj.il (5“^^ La ^ ^ tf ; 

<uL j-<>Jl j^jaJI oL>- ^»jl 5 woJl eLLLi ^ys> f\y^ > j-t ^jj-^ 0 

•L^y 


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CjIj jialil /j-a JuAl^li L>^wJj Jj>“lj jl Aj^wL J I ^jjo oL>- jJLwm-oJI (oLa*!>L*Jl 4jjiaj) 
_j o^L _a IJuj^ iJU- 4 (Quantum Physics) ^SA\ ^ 

^1 ^a5Ljl)I lu_^a^ ^P A « g » ■>« 1 g ) 1 O ^5Li jllp (Godel) «J_>^j_p» 


Andrew . i— > 1 * S cl j> ^ ll cJLill (0 

E. Benjamin, ed., 77i^ Problems of Modernity: Adorno and Benjamin, Warwick Studies in 
Philosophy and Literature (London; New York: Routledge, 1991). 

Theodor W. Adorno, Negative Dialectics , Translated by E. B. Ashton (London: (2) 
Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973), 

.(1990 <u5» _LpI) 


358 



l» j \JlA> o-alil ^j~>- J* 4 JI (_$! _ (Undecidability) 

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AjI ^-Lp a-*-j-L>xJ 1 p-Ul ^ia_> c Ojj-A^jI j_3 ^3 pi ^j-La 

(^SLlSClLp) ^Jjj>- ^5o Jjjjjl 0l5 Lo-Jj ( J^CjL; 

^ ^I^jIaj a 5 <uli IJJ cjl>- 4^x-s^jJl ap^lII ^Jip J-o-ou N 

^ 0 } t dLtJl oL>-ji 


^ JJl _ r ^So2jJl (JL^-J^I /j-o ajL~J_s ^3 ^_UJl o 

Ail ^J_P 4«Jl jla.0 Aol_P 4 jj^a> J-oJLS" AjV ijwXprJl *XxjI ^Jl 


jjjjjl ^-p^j . (Logic of Identity) aJUJ! a>j_$JI jJa^» ^ilk* ejj-^ -U>^> 


V A,.a. w J all LiLJL>Jl / 4 ^^_L*Jl Vfrjt jj 6l jJ a^LJ-aJ! uL 

(. <^£> % ^k>x}\j .Ll^j (£jys3 cilb N ol ajL-J-aJI Jp-j 4A~o_L*J) aaJi>JI 

o j^\ ^ j L*Jp A_i^wLiJl o,...«~« 1 ^ (J j3 J^>~ ^1p 

.•((Oxymoron) < ® )<5) « ( _ 5 aL>JI ^ibj)/l» ^Jtj^wo k~J- iL Jku U jJl 


AiLfliJl Jj£j A*^?l>*J| aJUpI ciU^ l)I ^ L->^ 

^SCaJI ^ ^ wwOjJl ^^Lp “ ^-LwwJi A^a 


Aj>-!j-s^-> ^jJaJ jj (aj j-JL-Jl -L*j L« AjL~J- 3 ^j-o ^>- jJLw«^Jl ^_s^L*_<Jl 

A ^ «jjL) .(Jl^jJ^>eJl ^Jl ^3 J g la oJJ A-OxJa^Jl A-*^-JaJl A^jLj 

4 4_L^9 A^-w%jJL) (JL>xJl L*-S" ^Jl 

^JLp 4 diJ^ {jj* j!lS s 1\j 4 A^^jJl ^JLc- aJJ 4 J aJai oLwS/lj jj-^aJl ^*JLp j-a 
^ ^LJl (JL^y j.~.~Jl uU t«»l jiSl oJl* .(Reification) 

^JSwj L^j AvaL?- ol^>“ J j?xiJ ^JLJU t Lj j^Uia l)1 j-^1 L»-a ^Jt ^JL*Ji 

Lg.:i,ljjj .Ap^laJi A^b*- i _f A > K -* o[ -Uj J bAUw* 


Jacques Derrida, Dissemination — Dissemination , Translated, with an Introduction and (3) 
Additional Notes, by Barbara Johnson (Chicago: University Press, 1981), p. 219. 

Adorno, Ibid., p. 109. (4) 

. 4m* J }j j, \ .,<al ' ( 5 ) 

. pJL^llQ) jlz^g.4hX>» j Iliad.] <U5 ^ jJ*J (#) 

.Ail# f-LJ.15 -V-^ -Ai- 5 ^ 1 fL*il j^'Vi OjhsO 


359 



(6) 


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(Jlj-f V ^jaJl j_$L_aJI ^a ^jLjJLj dUS AiL>VL) 

t a^L»jj>- V I a 1^93 ^3jp W -^jbVl 


N J ( Prisms ) <7 '’(Sj J j_t^<JI JlAi^l) <bl5 ^ y~_> L5 _ L>- JJj>5 <1)15 

Aj I i_L 3 LJ 1 4 ( A*_) Llj I ) A»J L*^.^J I AAj ^JaJ 1 ^y i-P i^w^JLaj (_) I ^ * J2**» j 

A*^U«j (( j^la<Jl»j # wJ*)Vl?~Vl <1)J ,a1L>*j ^JJI Jgjgx^Jl J^P J«m2A1a 
jJbljJaJl *\jj AjV cilJj .A_pLa f-LwJiLS^ obj_>«_^Jl ^j>-jJj_jJ_jVI /y 

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.34 'j# 1 4^-jd j_Lvsii1 (8) 

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Theodor W. Adorno, Aesthetic Theory — Asthetische Theorie, International Library (16) 
of Phenomenology and Moral Sciences, Translated by C. Lenhardt; Edited by Gretel Adorno 
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364 



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! 4,. .iL^Vl yijys I JLft-pl 

Adorno, Theodor W. Aesthetic Theory = Asthetische Theorie. Translated by 
C. Lenhardt; Edited by Gretel Adorno and Rolf Tiedemann. London; 
Boston: Routledge and K. Paul, 1984. (International Library of 
Phenomenology and Moral Sciences) 

. The Authoritarian Personality. With E. Frenkel -Brunswik, and 

Others. New York: Norton Lib., 1969. 

. The Culture Industry: Selected Essays on Mass Culture. Edited with 

an Introduction by J.M. Bernstein. London: Routledge, 1991. 

. Dialectic of Enlightenment. Translated by John Cumming. New 

York: Continuum, 1972. 

. Introduction to the Sociology of Music. Translated from the German 


Peter Osborne, “Adorno and the Metaphysics of Modernism: The Problem of a (17) 
’Postmodern’ Art,” in: Benjamin, ed., The Problems of Modernity: Adorno and Benjamin , p. 28. 


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by E. B. Ashton. New York: Continuum, 1989. 

. The Jargon of Authenticity = Jargon der Eigentlichkeit: zur 

deutschen Ideologic. Translated by Knut Tarnowski and Frederic Will. 
London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973. 

. Kierkegaard: Construction of the Aesthetic = Kierkegaard. 

Translated, Edited, and with a Foreword by Robert Hullot-Kentor. 
Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989. (Theory and History 
of Literature; vol. 61) 

. Minima M or alia; Reflections from Damaged Life. Translated from 

the German by E. F. N. Jephcott. London: Verso, 1978. 

. Negative Dialectics. Translated by E. B. Ashton. London: Routledge 

and Kegan Paul, 1973. 

. Notes to Literature = Nolen zur Literatur. Edited by Rolf 

Tiedemann; Translated from the German by Shierry Weber Nicholsen. 
New York: Columbia University Press, 1991-1992. (European Perspec- 
tives) 

. Philosophy of Modern Music = Philosophic der neuen Musik. 

Translated by Anne G. Mitchell and Wesley V. Blomster. New York: 
Seabury Press, 1973. (A Continuum Book) 

. Prisms = Prismen. Translated from the German by Samuel and 

Shierry Weber. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1981. (Studies in 
Contemporary German Social Thought) 

. Quasi una Fantasia: Essays on Modern Music = Quasi una Fantasia. 

Translated by Rodney Livingstone. London; New York: Verso, 1992. 

: oUl jS 

Benjamin, Andrew E. (ed.). The Problems of Modernity: Adorno and Benjamin. 
London; New York: Routledge, 1991. (Warwick Studies in Philosophy 
and Literature) 

Buck-Morss, Susan. The Origin of Negative Dialectics. Hassocks, Eng.: 
Harvester Press, 1977. 

Derrida, Jacques. Dissemination = Dissemination. Translated, with an 
Introduction and Additional Notes, by Barbara Johnson. Chicago: 
University Press, 1981. 

Jameson, Fredric. Late Marxism: Adorno, or, the Persistence of the Dialectic. 
London; New York: Verso, 1990. 

Rose, Gillian. The Melancholy Science: An Introduction to the Thought of 
Theodor W. Adorno. London: Macmillan, 1985. 


366 



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^ J-&J <*<!**>*-> jl -Lo C-olS" LoJli? ^xJl I ^-oJl 0-A-& ^3 odJjl 


Hannah Arendt, The Human Condition , Charles R. Walgreen Foundation Lectures (1) 
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958), p. 6. 


367 



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Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York: Harcourt. Brace, 1951). (2) 
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Ji djJJjl o t ^_s _^Co t L-jj 

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• sL>Jl Jl^Ol ^y> 0^” *31 


‘. ^Lu'J I OJjjl 4X>- 

Arendt, Hannah. Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil. 
London: Faber and Faber, 1963. 

. The Human Condition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958. 

(Charles R. Walgreen Foundation Lectures) 

. Lectures on Kant’s Political Philosophy. Edited, and with an 

Interpretive Essay by Ronald Beiner. London: Harvester Press, 1982. 

. The Life of the Mind. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1978. 

. On Revolution. New York; London: Viking Press; Faber and Faber, 

1963. 

. On Violence. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1970. 

. The Origins of Totalitarianism. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1951. 

. Rahel Varnhagen, the Life of a Jewess. Translated from the German by 

Richard and Clara Winston. London: Published for the Institute by the 
East and West Library, 1958. (Publications of the Leo Baeck Institute of 
Jews from Germany) 


374 



; ol*l J 

* p J 

Bernaver, James (ed.). Amor Mundi: Explorations in the Faith and Thought of 
Hannah Arendt. Boston: Nijhoff, 1987. 

Bowen-Moore, Patricia. Hannah Arendt’ s Philosophy of Natality. Basingstoke: 
Macmillan, 1989. 

Canovan, Margaret. Hamah Arendt: A Reinterpretation of her Political 
Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. 

Kaplan, Giesela and Clive Kessler. Hannah Arendt. Thinking, Judging, 
Freedom. Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1989. 

Kateb, George. Hannah Arendt: Politics, Conscience, Evil. Oxford: Martin 
Robertson, 1984. 

May, Derwent. Hannah Arendt. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1986. 

Parekh, Bhikhr. Hannah Arendt and the Search for a New Political Philosophy. 

Atlantic Highlands: Humanities Press, 1981. 

Schumann, Reiner (ed.). Public Realm: Essays on Discursive Types in Political 
Philosophy. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989. 

Tlaba, Gabriel Masooane. Politics and Freedom: Human Will and Action in the 
Thought of Hannah Arendt. Lanham: University Press of America, 1987. 
Whitfield, S. J. Into the Dark: Hannah Arendt and Totalitarianism. 

Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1980. 

Young-Bruehl. Elizabeth, Hannah Arendt: For Love of the World. New Haven, 
London: Yale University Press, 1982. 


375 



Jurgen Habermas jjj 

a — -» 1 ^Jww>uJ 1 ^_9 o j g «*i pL*p2_p\I ^Jl^I ^^pLp ^1— * 

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.jjiJl JpIAU ^LpJI 

Jurgen Habermas. The Theory of Communicative Action, 2 vols., Translated by Thomas (1) 
McCarthy (Boston: Beacon Press, 1984-1987), vol. 2: Lifeworld and System: A Critique of 
Functionalist Reason, Trans. Thomas McCarthy (Boston: Beacon Press, 1987), p. 333, part 6, 
chap. 2. pp. 153-197, 

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Jurgen Habermas, The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity , Translated by Frederick (2) 
Lawrence (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1987), p. 4, 

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Habermas, Ibid., p, 333. 


(3) 


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Jtirgen Habermas, Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action , Translated by (5) 
Christian Lenhardt and Shierry Weber Nicholsen; Introduction by Thomas McCarthy 
(Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990), p. 211. 


381 



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Habermas, The Theory of Communicative Action, vol. 2: Lifeworld and System: A (6) 
Critique of f unctionalist Reason, p. 120. 


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Habermas, The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity , p. 7. (7) 

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1 <u*»>L«iVI j-.L«^U ij&jji <JL*>pI 

Habermas, Jurgen. Communication and the Evolution of Society. Translated by 
Thomas McCarthy. London: Heinemann, 1979. 

. Knowledge and Human Interests. Translated by Jeremy J. Shapiro. 

Boston: Beacon Press, 1971. 

. Legitimation Crisis. Translated by Thomas McCarthy. Boston: Beacon 

Press, 1975. 

. Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action. Translated by 

Christian Lenhardt and Shierry Weber Nicholsen; Introduction by 
Thomas McCarthy. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990. 

. On the Ldgic of the Social Sciences. Translated by Shierry W. 

Nicholsen and Jerry Stark. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1988. 

. The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity. Translated by Frederick 

Lawrence. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1987. 

. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a 

Category of Bourgeois Society. Translated by Thomas Burger with the 
Assistance of Frederick Lawrence. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1989. 
(Studies in Contemporary German Social Thought) 

. Theory and Practice. Translated by John Viertel. Boston: Beacon 

Press, 1973. 

. The Theory of Communicative Action. Translated by Thomas 

McCarthy. Boston: Beacon Press, 1984-1987. 2 vols. 

Vol. 1: Reason and Rationalization on Society. Trans. Thomas McCarthy. 
Boston: Beacon Press, 1984. 

Vol. 2: Lifeworld and System: A Critique of Functionalist Reason. Trans. 
Thomas McCarthy. Boston: Beacon Press, 1987. 

. Toward a Rational Society: Student Protest, Science and Politics. 

Translated by Jeremy J. Shapiro. Boston: Beacon Press, 1970. 

.* \Jt 

Bernstein, Richard J. (ed.). Habermas and Modernity. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT 
Press, 1985. 

Braaten, Jane. Habermas’s Critical Theory of Society. Albany: State University 
of New York Press, 1991. 


385 



Ingram, David. Habermas and the Dialectic of Reason. New Haven: Yale 
University Press, 1987. 

McCarthy, Thomas. Critical Theory of Jurgen Habermas. Cambridge: Polity, 
1984. 

Roderick, Rick. Habermas and the Foundations of Critical Theory. Basingstoke, 
Macmillan; New York: St Martins Press, 1986. 

Thompson, John B. and David Held (eds.). Habermas: Critical Debates. 
London: Macmillan, 1982. 

White, Stephen R. The Recent Work of Jurgen Habermas: Reason, Justice and 
Modernity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. 


386 



Ernesto Laclau 

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Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a (1) 
Radical Democratic Politics , Translated by Winston Moore and Paul Cammack (London; New 
York: Verso, 1985). 


387 



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Ernesto Laclau, “Feudalism and Capitalism in Latin America,” New Left Review, no. (2) 
67(1971), 

Ernesto Laclau, Politics and Ideology in Marxist Theory: Capitalism, : ^Li5 ^ jJ j 

Fascism, Populism (London: Verso, 1977), pp. 15-50. 


388 



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: S-— L-Vl jiwJjl JU*4 

Laclau, Ernesto. «Feudalism and Capitalism in Latin America.)) Aew Ij-ft 
Review: no. 67, 1971. 

. Afew’ Reflections on the Revolution of Our Time. London; New York: 

Verso, 1990. (Phronesis) 

. Politics and Ideology in Marxist Theory: Capitalism, Fascism, 

Populism. London: Verso, 1977. 

and Chantal Mouffe. Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a 

Radical Democratic Politics. Translated by Winston Moore and Paul 
Cammack. London; New York: Verso, 1985. 


: iiUil J 

Geras, Norman. «Post-Marxism?.» New Left Review: no. 163, May/ June 1985. 
Rustin, Michael. «Absolute Voluntarism: A Critique of a Post-Marxist 
Concept of Hegemony. » New German Critique: no. 43, Winter 1988. 


394 



Alain Touraine 0^ 


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Alain Touraine, “Is Sociology Still the Study of Society?/’ Trans. Johann Arnason and (3) 
David Roberts, Thesis Eleven , no. 23 (1989), p. 19. 


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402 



Touraine, Alain. Critique de la modernite. Paris: Fayard, 1992. 

. L’ Evolution du travail ouvrier aux usines Renault. Paris: Centre national 

de la recherche scientifique, 1955. 

. «Is Sociology Still the Study of Society?. » Trans. Johann Arnason and 

David Roberts. Thesis Eleven : no. 23, 1989. 

. The Post-Industrial Society ; Tomorrow’s Social History: Classes, 

Conflicts and Culture in the Programmed Society. Translated by Leonard 
F. X. Mayhew. New York: Random House, 1971. 

. Production de la societe. Paris: Seuil, 1973. (Collection sociologie) 

. Return of the Actor: Social Theory in Postindustrial Society = Retour 

de Tacteur. Foreword by Stanley Aronowitz; Translation by Myrna 
Godzich. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987. 

. The Self-Production of Society = Production de la societe. Translated 

by Derek Coltman. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977. 

. «Social Movements: Special Area or Central Problem in Sociological 

Analysis?. » Translated by David Roberts. Thesis Eleven : no. 9, July 1984. 

. Sociologie de Taction. Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1965. 

. The Voice and the Eye: An Analysis of Social Movements. Translated 

by Alan Duff; with a Foreword by Richard Sennett. Cambridge; New 
York: Cambridge University Press, 1983. 

fet al.]. Anti-Nuclear Protest: The Opposition to Nuclear Energy in 

France = Prophetie anti-nucleaire. Translated by Peter Fawcett. Cam- 
bridge [Cambridgeshire]; New York: Cambridge University Press; Paris: 
Editions de la maison des sciences de Fhomme, 1983. 

[et al.]. Solidarity: The Analysis of a Social Movement: Poland, 1980- 

1981. In Collaboration with Grazyna Gesicka; Translated by David 
Denby. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983. 


: ol*l ji 

Scott, Alan. «Action, Movement, and Intervention: Reflections on the 
Sociology of Alain Touraine. » Canadian Review of Sociology and 
Anthropology: vol. 2, no. 8, February 1991. 


403 




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i^j>-j^}\j 4 4_*JJlj c a.« a. Ja_> L* j jJi aS”j^>JIj tioLkJ'^l ajjL^LJI 

<1)15 L-ijl aJV . . . ^jjo *./ 2 jtS I t a^*5jL<»JIj c 4 jL j 

SjjJLJI JlyVlj (Fragments) oUjiaiJlj jiJl /^u Aj jXwjL 
Ajljj ^jA A^oVl tw3lU/?Vl A_w«jL> <1)15 La 4 (oL^Lli*^ I J <Jl^VL>) 

e j ^jjj^5 Ajll^Jlj ^jiSf I JJLJl^ ^j /7 

^j^aLju ^AAj 4 Ajl J_>tjj 4 ^jJ 5)J1 c. ^_ jIjJ>tJ1 o^JLaj <1)15 Loj^ A_«^5"jLoJlj 
cL->-LJl ^»LJlj \ jjjjLa <w?L>*j! aJ L w>- ^iLp jJLd <5 Uj • cJ->Aj>- aj j^nj a_JL>- 
^Jl L^-jj - ^La^w^-'yi wlL*i^ ^-Lp ^ 3 ^ 3 ^ JlSLi! Sjjo ^J^_5 j -^3 t^^L>tJl 

.apI j-j 4-w-ji j <^£^1 (^1 ^SoJl) i j/7‘,/3a ll 4 Jj^I 

JU_p^L J_aL*-ij j^?“Ll! ^1 j-&3 t^l 892 j»Lp jj ^3 j^aLj^ ^Jlj jJj 

AjLwsJuiJI A-wdIj-L> j»li 4 i^LoLm«j^L A_v^L>- Ajj-tL A-^jJ^j ^3 AJL^l -L*_> j .d^JjaJl 

^ p p. 

Lo-^-pj ^_w?l a_*_*L>JI <1)15 Ia-Loj *d/^ j-j i_5-® ‘-LLlASj ^ 

j-oLj Oj>tlJ 4 a_ojJ-s/? j 4/^wJL^jiljJl ^j-^-Jl JJ 


Andrew E. Benjamin, Art, Mimesis and the Avant-Garde (London; New York: (1) 
Routiedge, 1991), p. 143. 

John McCole, Walter JLai^»N a»Ip 5 ^Jaj IJl» ^y UuJ ^Jajl 

Benjamin and the Antinomies of Tradition (New York: Cornell University Press, 1993), pp. 10-21. 


407 



( 2 ) 

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. (Kabbala) 

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pJj-** ^ .* la _ ^ , Li ^Jl ^LaJJI t ^jJ Lj 0 -^v-jj 1 ^jLjjJaJ! 

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oIj-Lwj oljjj^U-U 4 ^*-j jJ^I ^Jii ^1925 ^*Lp .c-j 3 jJl lLLI^ ^s ^Jȣl2L> 

( j £ J . (The Origin of German Traguc Drama ) ^JLjVl 4 jjL-jLJI UljjJl J-^l 

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IwL* (J^^Ajs- ^0 J .4 jU J Jl*_! Lg_La J^S J+Zu jJ J 4 oi 

(Baudelaire) jjj c— - J oL> ^^J lp ^JJl -tLLJl 

^»Lp <daJLJl .dbbJj 4 ] JUI <_— ^**5” J^Svoj 

^><Lp 2]Ll ®> j 4-L>^ i ^AiJj v t^»1933 

^3 4 ^ 1 S| abj| Jl^-*-o ( J-3 ^a 4 J O^sJapI 4*^2’ l^la 4>tXa 

p— Lp 4 >wl S ' a - 1 «,<^ p| t ^J-3 ! 4^"_)3 4 ^j-wJ 1 3 1 ^5 

i j-P 4^»-j>^vij 4-^1 ji ^3 ^j^Sjj ^L"L £jj->- La^Jj (jLS" ^iJl ^L^j-Ij>“VI 


juji a^JUJi 


j><]\ j-JLaN ^ ^jJ^p ^sa>U1 


McCole, Ibid., Chap, 1, and Irving : ^>y>^ ^Lsail Jjj>- (2) 

Wohlfarth, “On Some Jewish Motifs in Benjamin,” in: Andrew E. Benjamin, ed.. The Problems 
of Modernity: Adorno and Benjamin , Warwick Studies in Philosophy and Literature (London; 
New York: Routledge, 1991), pp. 157-215, 

Susan Buck-Morss, The : yaJl Ul^J ka : ^ j LL^_Lo L^lji J-c- ^SLUVl J-s^l (3) 

Dialectics of Seeing: Walter Benjamin and the Arcades Project , Fourth Printing (Cambridge, 
Mass.; London: MIT Press, 1991). 


408 



y-'-al-Aj S Jy J-S" ^*A 3l t l-OLS"jl j _A_a A_*_j ^^JL^-j LJ j 

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^jJ y I ^-1 £yij Jl 5 j4^-M *J>r*-^ Cr* 0^ °J>i 

25 <UJ jUwVi ^Ip (*JlSI j! Vl o> ol5” Ui t[(_$jUI (_5j-~Jl ^^jJl] jjLwJJI 
<p ^ j-L>tJI ^yl j>- t^llxJl ^ LyflJ l ^yj .1940 ^l*Jl /(J^IjI 

£$ j OJlIaJ ol»5^ t <jy I ol a_*j LoL_*>»| jj^_*JLj L^-*-* 0^5" y^l 

jIj>&a>VI oj^ ^-J3 y yp ^y > — - i 'S ' A3 yyLo_> 0^-5"^ . |» i^ii i* U- 

. «oVL*i)Vl j ^.^ii^lyJl JL>t^ y ajIjl>xJI aiaa>- yjJl jl>sjVl 

4jIjl>JI yp jlSol L ^ y 33yj yylyj <jL«k-p| ol 

^j^jtJl AliULa y^ jLS"! LaLx>I > — >j*>- As ^j-o-p y* b 4 jI ^>A>c^Jl ya y ^1 c l^-g-^-jl 
(77j£ hwA: o/ tfrf /n f/z? o/ (4 ) l 5 ^^L^- = -<JI ^LJVI SaLpI j «/a p y yuaJI 

Jj l$Jl ^ j .a!Ijj>J1 Jl*j U Jy yUJl y U-^Vj mechanical reproduction) 

> 

Lo-^^Vj cy^jl ^LOJ o^IpV ^wwL-wwJl ^J~L=>xjJl o 

ol VI t L$JI j^-feLo->Jl <J ^ ^yl ^ ' 0 ^*^-®Vl j.i/s S' y 

aJL^jsxJI 4_^p yJl y ^LO L-S*3 VyL>0 £_al j_Jl ^y ^AjL yyloj 

oIpV >Ui •O l __yaJl ( J-<»-*Jlj A.!?... >x^>J I 4 JL/ 7 VI aJLa y^AJ L^JL?- .yjaJl 
4 AJL j Oj, .LfU5lj ^-JLw%uVI 3 y>- j jr?*~~t ty-Llij 

y« jiS'Vlj .(_> j^-&L^->«JI J J.^,^ J>j I ^J| jil AOwtfJl ^p^?lj-oJl ^lA)Vl o3lpl 

4j O l • 4 AL*_^j 4»^ai LAAj ’ OJJ 3 
L»j3 (jL>«Jl .^LzjVI o3LpI 4-ol^-«V y^iil ^j-oj^Jl 

llLl Jt Jj t ^ A3 1 yJl j\ ^Jl yJl yj ^-ol-?tJl ^31^1 O y- IAjI A>- y V cyy»LA; 

. L^Ao » — ’Plo l *~* > 

y / L £y* J U jl yy y° ^^1 ^Lp i)a£j*j 

^ylill 0 y-ll y*"ljl^ 0AjA>tJl j >,a * 1 1 y aojiII cJI^-pVI 53Lp| 3 y^° y* 3 ^r^l 

! AjjyJl y t$Jl3 A>«j ^lljVl o<il^pl 0 } t ^IjJl y .(y^AjJl Oy-llj j2Lp 


Walter Benjamin, “The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction,” in; (4) 
Walter Benjamin, Illuminations , Edited and with an Introd. by Hannah Arendt; Translated by 
Harry Zohn, Third Impression (London; Fontana, 1979), pp. 219-253. 


409 



j}y >/3 >tjl L^-jJl ) A^ JL wwJI 4-^1 jS' yjyJi!i\ Qjj~*aJ\ ol 4 j2-JL>- 

L) A*-&1 ^P^J^-dJl ajj—^jJl ^oJ * 4 _^&UL>iJ| ^_iL*_s^l 

.U^^jlII ajjfc Ijbl I^Jip jJL kj M ^^Llj ol £® (Simulacrum) ojj-va_)l» 

^ D y\ 4P_jI^ b^y^O [*£,£-*/* yJ 4_^3l ^P ^->^-4_ll 6j^_s^_!lj) 

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.jtjjijj OU~ ^jLa j ^ -‘- a 4.ww^ J j tgJ O^5«o 


4-s-iL*»J'y L L^J la . yg .--a y&j) )) ( J_; AjjjljJl jy+OL ll ^-*wsj 

j-jj^ .^3 z 1L) L, .la-i, ^ . > - 1 IjI .^j-w aL^> ^L^_ip 1 j ^J_^_JL j ^£-U) yA (ftUj>- y}y*£j^ 

^s! ^P yj ^pJI jj y^i\ ^3 4^Jilj| ^1 ft * xL 1 )) (j! -ii>- >L) t U (JLLoJ? ^3 1 jP 

ipJ l ^J-o-^Jl ^J-o->tj 'y A3 1 1^1 ,4_l>j * jj>- ^J-> Ls^jLp t j_^t Owww-J 

l jJUJl l ^ +m JL3 ,^lJl -uUNl A*SU»w>>^L^Jl A?*-^J-Ji 4J l_A ^Aljj 

^ip Lvijl (^ 5 ^ ^-^L^ ol jl^o) o ^-*- 4 I Jjsj .aJL^JJ .> 

AJpJl £^splj-dl ^LjI ojlpi ^3 jJl A*jl^a^/l 

oLJlSLo^l jJ*> aJCP 4 J La (1)1 ^-1 JUAiJl ( j^J lU^Lwwo*>l£Jl 

(Reversibility) y\ UJluJl o_L>wb>Jl aJU^JI 

Jj J l>- jy o/2j / ^ y^AA ^ll <iL^»^/L t (^^-Ljl 

^l)l 4_*LiL>_<>Jl ^j_a Ll>iLal Lj l 1 j yJ> 0 L- 1 I L<»-> t ft<JLs^^Ll^ 


^*llj V 1 iolpj 4 -jL^oI ^o . l ol^L^j ( 1)1 J+/ 2 +& L»jJ JyyiJ 

4JLL0 . AaL j^ oJI 0 >UL-**Jl ^y*> 4 P ylSj* 4 Pj^o^-« f ^yA 

^p (Gregory Ulmer) ^Jjl ^jjJu^p t^laiJl oJla J y^- 

U-»L >»1 ^J^Liu i^ilJjjj l Ju Jl>- ^Lwwki ^3 ftojww«j>u Ul twL^j JljJl ji 

. ^<^Lo j-dlj y£y JL 4 jljU>tJl Jl*j Lo ^3 »^_ 3 ^>U Lj 

plj^^/l <J 15 v_Jj I ^jj> Ji 3 4 jI ojIjJ jl j l * +> ' o| 


Gregory Ulmer, “The Object of Post-Criticism,” in: Hal Foster, ed., The Anti- (5) 
Aesthetic: Essays on Postmodern Culture , Sixth Printing (Seattle, Washington: Bay Press, 1989), 
p. 85. 

.ijL> j^Cs> y* <S y jy# j ol g . /aU l ^J> ^5! (#) 


410 



S^IpI ol ^j^UI j-*-ll ^ LaLo 

. JL-aU 4A~£>J y$3 A<J| OjLi^j/L ^|Jj>tJlj ^j^sLO 4 JUL# ^9 ^liil j»j9\*S\ Ul .^Jjjl 
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(_£ ^2»-l 6 ^a ^OjjJ 4jjLio <jl 'ill 4 4-5L-u*»'jl^ll «l> ■ ^IJl jl 4j ^.sAgJl 4^jLipj j^Jl 

4-9*>\J>- ^^-*3 ^ AjJj>- (t±JL^£jV 4jl |*-Lj«JI ^1 ^ia-Jl 4 _^Lp 

(j^i-*_JL) |>-LojJl ^Ip (jl j^s A >eJl ^aOJu ) 

^j^voj 4 C->L*3^xJl ^j-« ^j-«5L*Jl ^ApJ 4*iljl ' i j* l-Lftj ^9j*<iJl 

d)l ^- 1 -^aJI ol 4 LjIjj 4 j*Jla 1 I sjlaUl« oip ^J-pli jj-^ j j .. ^?> bJJ oj 5L> ol 
0^-wwu2jJl <j jUU^JI j Ojjjj (J^ 5 L-o-5 !“°I“*-jj 4 lo5l-Aj . li5lj^l <JL>*-*® 

( 1)1 _ 4-«tp 0 jj.«/2j ^Pj^AJlj (j^JLil o'y J O^aaa^tj IjJ>*^- ^>- 

ouj15 L$_i 5J j 4 ju j jJ J_-o <Oj_>-^« C-JLS" l^_)l ^i-s^ljJl jj-a'ill o-L& 
^Lo~Jl 4.1a fl lib) Oj-wsotj ^j-*>ljJl I ^»l5\Ji d) L 3 - LgJ[ oLw'ill o j* 

.(j'ill L^jjJa>-*)\j I J^J^i ^ 1 y>" 4^-Jl f y A ‘ — ol^>«j 

L*5j - j-* L»-5 4 4jlo>eJlj lj yJ o-A (1)15 ( j^Lju ol 

jl\ ^ J 4 jJUiiJ I jLa jjZ Ul ol5 4JI VI - ( 5 >\l cLt* 4iJJi5 j «Lol5j! 
^^P ^JaJoJi oJlA ^9 (jl Oj$ • l-0-*-> ^ *>~ljl OJ 4 j)0j>cJ} (jL yjL^ 

-0_l_Ajj! ^J-S^ ^-ll ^lL^? (jl ^1 jOol y* 4 I j_A 4^oLx>JLA*il j| ^ } ^3li 

.^LoVl d^IpI 0 ^55 ^ J-^p ^ ajIj^JIj 

c5jlj ^^3 i ^j^Ljj OoIjL^ 4jiLj>e^Jl l ia .- o . i l jJ-P ^ j y3 L$j| 

'il y ^ 0_^*-*Jl OO-A^J j-> 0 ^9 4 4_o»>- j^JJ flj y./s'i 40Ll5j>Jl 

4^Jl 0 ^ j 4 ^ylJJl 4 «JUJl ^9 4 (Memoire involontaire) aj^Ij} 

JaLflJl o-La ^ oJb»-lj J5 ^J) jJsuJo OjXv^ j[^o^s>-\jj .Lj15jI j^lw« ^ ^dlfllSl 

.LAjjOj 

( The Task of the Jl a ^ ^ ol^o^ (^1923) JjVl ^^jJI ^ 

I 4 JI _^Jaj lil M ^xJl ol 4 J^aj <cJLia Translator) 

Oi i a.Ji . ./3 9 4j| f-^-i Ol ^ j-^5l <_ 5 ^P . j j a,^ 2 ->«J| 

ciUi ^ 4*J jjJL***^ *)j J & AaLwLoJJ Cjy*0 *)1 J t ^ jLiU <*IjJLp 1 


Benjamin, “The Task of the Translator,” in: Benjamin, Illuminations, p. 69. 


( 6 ) 


411 



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r yJij «J^I» ^ tlJL-Jl 


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.4^>"Lil wLp! c (^y^ 

jJ .4 ^jLLo Ajj U (1936) {The Storyteller) ^a*e2i\ ^jlj ^lL^p Js 

U ij, yj>*j> Lg-^Ljl ^Lu jl ^j/7*/2Ji SI cSjIj ^ ajj j-oJI 4- v j g . d U U 

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^jJjJl^ - J-JU.I.1I Lyfl-j 1 1 g - ^ — j - ( ^|-AxJl 4_ii^*i|j ^A 4-u2_dJl . jL^vjJi^ 

^_a ^J! jJl jl .w j-<Jl Jutj oL^- 4 -^J Ls^L^I j_a (Transmission) 


.^JL^o J^bil 4 78 y> 4 •U-A) jJu^ail (7) 


412 



.a JL./ai? U 3 oL>Jl ol L5 t ^jxliU (After Life) ®o 

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U j^JgJ jli 4 4j^v>dJl 


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j (Buck-Morss) -^^- , jlj^-^ I L^-S" ^pL-j.x^- 1 ^_»jLj 


Benjamin, “The Storyteller,” in: Benjamin, Illuminations , p. 97. 


(8) 


413 



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LJ aS j» Lo ^ LL*^<»-p ci-'LL^jl j^l iSjr 

. j»illj Jl^l 

Benjamin, Walter. Charles Baudelaire: A Lyric Poet in the Era of High 
Capitalism = Charles Baudelaire: Ein Lyriker. im Zeitalter des Hochka- 
pitalismus. Translated from the German by Harry Zohn. London: NLB, 
1973 . 

McCole, Walter Benjamin : fC\ s-L* ^s - JJ JU^l l yH J jSU dyr (9) 

and the Antinomies of Tradition, p. 248 n. 

Buck-Morss, The Dialectics of Seeing: Walter Benjamin and the Arcades Project, (10) 
p. 369. 


414 



. The Correspondence of Walter Benjamin and Gershom Scholem, 

1932-1940 = Briefwechsel 1933-1940. Edited by Gershom Scholem; 
Translated from the German by Gary Smith and Andre Lefevere; with an 
Introduction by Anson Rabinbach. New York: Schocken Books, 1989. 

. Illuminations. Edited and with an Introd. by Hannah Arendt; 

Translated by Harry Zohn. Third Impression. London: Fontana, 1979. 

. One-Way Street, and Other Writings. Translated from the German 

by Edmund Jephcott and Kingsley Shorter. London: Verso, 1985. 

. One-Way Street, and Other Writings. Translated from the German 

by Edmund Jephcott and Kingsley Shorter. London: NLB, 1979. 

. The Origin of German Tragic Drama ~ Ursprung des deutschen 

Trauerspiels. Translated from the German by John Osborne. London; 
New York: Verso, 1985. 

. The Origin of German Tragic Drama = Ursprung des deutschen 

Trauerspiels. Translated from the German by John Osborne. London: 
NLB, 1977. 

. Reflections: Essays, Aphorisms, Autobiographical Writings. Trans- 
lated by Edmund Jephcott; Edited and with an Introduction by Peter 
Demetz. New York: Schocken Books, 1986. 

. Understanding Brecht = Versuche uber Brecht. Translated from the 

German by Anna Bostock; Introduction by Stanley Mitchell. London: 
NLB, 1973. 


: 4-ilv^ I CJ 1*1 J> 

Alter, Robert. Necessary Angels: Tradition and Modernity in Kafka, Benjamin 
and Scholem. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991. 

Benjamin, Andrew E. Art, Mimesis and the Avant-Garde. London; New York: 
Routledge, 1991. 

(ed.). The Problems of Modernity: Adorno and Benjamin. London; New 

York: Routledge, 1989. (Warwick Studies in Philosophy and Literature) 

. Translation and the Nature of Philosophy. London; New York: 

Routledge, 1989. 

Buck-Morss, Susan. The Dialectics of Seeing: Walter Benjamin and the Arcades 
Project. Fourth Printing. Cambridge, Mass.; London: MIT Press, 1991. 

Cesar, Jasiel. Walter Benjamin on Experience and History: Profane Illumina- 
tion. San Francisco: Mellen Research University Press, 1992. 

Foster, Hal (ed.). The Anti-Aesthetic: Essays on Postmodern Culture. Sixth 
Printing. Seattle, Washington: Bay Press, 1989. 

Frisby, David. Fragments of Modernity: Theories of Modernity in the Work of 
Simmel, Kracauer and Benjamin. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1985. 

Handelman, Susan A. Fragments of Redemption: Jewish Thought and Literary 
Theory in Benjamin, Scholem, and Levinas. Bloomington: Indiana 
University Press, 1991. 


415 



McCole, John. Walter Benjamin and the Antinomies of Tradition. New York: 
Cornell University Press, 1993. 

Nagle, Rainer. Theatre, Theory, Speculation: Walter Benjamin and the Scenes 
of Modernity. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991. 

Smith, Gary (ed.). Benjamin: Philosophy, Aesthetics, History. Chicago; 

London: Chicago University Press, 1989. 

Witte, Bernd. Walter Benjamin: An Intellectual Biography. Translated by James 
Rolleston. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1991. 

Wohlfarth, Irving. «Re-Fusing Theology: Some First Responses to Walter 
Benjamin’s Arcades Project. » New German Critique : no. 39, Fall 1986, 


416 



Maurice Blanchot 


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La Part du feu ( Sacrifice ) , L’Espace Utter aire (The Space of Literature), Le Livre a vetiir 
( The Book to Come), and L’Intretien infitii (The Infinite Conversation). 


417 



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Maurice Blanchot, U Arret de mort = Death Sentence, Translated by Lydia Davis (New (3) 
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Maurice Blanchot, L’Espace litteraire (Paris: Gallimard, 1955), p. 26. 


(5) 

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Maurice Blanchot, Le Pas au-deld (Paris: Gallimard, 1973), p. 133. (6) 

Maurice Blanchot, “Le Demain joueur (sur l’avenir du surrealisme),” La Nouvelle revue (7) 
franpaise, no. 172 (April 1967), pp. 283-308. 


422 



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423 



Blanchot, Maurice. Aminadab. Paris: Gallimard, 1942. 

. L' Arret de mort = Death Sentence. Translated by Lydia Davis. New 

York: Station Hill, 1978. 

. L’Attente, I’oubli. Paris: Gallimard, 1962. 

. «Le Demain joueur (sur I’avenir du surrealisme).» La Nouvelle revue 

franfai.se'. no. 172, April 1967. 

. L’Espace litteraire. Paris: Gallimard, 1955. 

. The Gaze of Orpheus, and other Literary Essays. Pref. by Geoffrey 

Hartman; Translated by Lydia Davis; Edited, with an Afterword, by P. 
Adams Sitney. Barrytown, N.Y.: Station Hill Press, 1981. 

. The Infinite Conversation = Entretien infini. Translation and 

Foreword by Susan Hanson. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota 
Press, 1992. 

. The Last Man = Dernier home. Translated by Lydia Davis. New 

York: Columbia University Press, 1987. 

. Le Livre a venir. Paris: Gallimard, 1959. 

. The One Who was Standing Apart from Me = Celui qui ne 

m'accompagnait pas. Translated by Lydia Davis. Barrytown, N.Y.: 
Station Hill Press, 1989. 

. La Part du feu. Paris: Gallimard, 1949. 

. Le Pas au-dela. Paris: Gallimard, 1973. 

. The Siren’s Song: Selected Essays. Edited and with an Introduction by 

Gabriel Josipovici; Translated by Sacha Rabinovitch. Brighton, Sussex: 
Harvester Press, 1982. 

. The Sirens’ Song: Selected Essays. Edited and with an Introduction by 

Gabriel Josipovici; Translated by Sacha Rabinovitch. Bloomington: 
Indiana University Press, 1982. 

. The Space of Literature = Espace litteraire. Translated, with an 

Introduction, by Ann Smock. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 
1982. 

. The Step not Beyond = Pas au-dela. Translated and with an 

Introduction by Lycette Nelson. Albany: State University of New York 
Press, 1992. (Suny Series, Intersections: Philosophy and Critical Theory) 

. Thomas Vobscur. Paris: Gallimard, 1941. 

. Thomas the Obscure = Thomas Vobscur. New Version Translated by 

Robert Lamberton. New York: Station Hill, 1988. 

. The Unavowable Community = Communaute inavouable. Translated 

by Pierre Joris. Barrytown, N.Y.: Station Hill Press, 1988. 

. Vicious Circles: Two Fictions and «After the Fact» = Ressassement 

eternel. Translated by Paul Auster. Barrytown, NY: Station Hill Press, 
1985. 

. When the Time Comes = Au moment voulu. Translated by Lydia 


424 



Davis. Barrytown, N.Y.: Station Hill Press, 1985. 

— . The Writing of the Disaster = Ecriture du desastre. Translated by Ann 
Smock. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1986. 


: ijUtfl oUl ji 

Clark, Timothy. Derrida, Heidegger, Blanchot: Sources of Derrida's Notion and 
Practice of Literature. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University 
Press, 1992. 

Foucault, Michel. Maurice Blanchot, the Thought from Outside = Pensee du 
dehors. Translated by Brian Massumi, Michel Foucault as I Imagine Him 
by Maurice Blanchot; Translated by Jeffrey Mehlman. New York: Zone 
Books; Cambridge, Mass.: Distributed by the MIT Press, 1987. 

Gallop, Jane. Intersections: A Reading of Sade with Bataille, Blanchot and 
Klossowski. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1981. 

Hartman, Geoffrey H. Beyond Formalism: Literary Essays, 1958-1970. New 
Haven: Yale University Press, 1970. 

Libertson, Joseph. Proximity, Levinas, Blanchot, Bataille and Communication. 
The Hague; Boston: M. Nijhoff, 1982. 

Shaviro, Steven. Passion and Excess: Blanchot, Bataille, and Literary Theory. 
Tallahassee: Florida State University Press, 1990. 


425 



James Joyce 


(Finnegans (Ulysses) J 4 jIiS" ^ 

j-»j t JjVl ajL^5 ^ I ya\^~ 6 IS' ^ay- 1)1 k_f <u5 IJjjj i)L>- (SJji 1 

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j 4.J L...^ j 4 JLL 0 U<ajl t ( 1962) of Geometry) 

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j^-1 ^Jl a~~JL . (I g la >1 y y° (1)1-5") ajLLl>*>> yu hAjj 


Jacques Derrida, Ulysse gramophone ; deux mots pour Joyce , collection la philosophie en (1) 
effet (Paris: Galilee, 1987). 

“Two Words for Joyce,” Translated by Geoff : ^USUl ll» y jlill > a— a : i l 

Bennington, in: Derek Attridge and Daniel Ferrer, eds., Post-Structuralist Joyce (Cambridge: 
Cambridge University Press, 1984), pp. 145-159. 

Jacques Derrida, “Plato’s Pharmacy,” in: Jacques Derrida, Dissemination = : 1 a il (2) 

Dissemination, Translated, with an Introduction and Additional Notes, by Barbara Johnson 
(Chicago: University Press, 1981), pp. 61-171. 

Derrida, Ulysse gramophone; deux mots pour Joyce, p. 28. (3) 


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Derrida, “Two Words for Joyce,” in: Attridge and Ferrer, eds., Post-Structuralist (4) 
Joyce, p. 151. 


427 



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Armin Arnold, James Joyce (New York: Frederick Ungar, 1969), p. 26. 


(5) 


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Charles Baudelaire, 77/e Painter of Modern Life: Selected Writings on Art and Artists , (6) 
Translated by P. E. Charvet (Harrnondsworth: Penguin, 1972), pp. 399-400. 


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. (l “\<Automativeness» < ' u ' ) «Meanderthalltale» 


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James Joyce, Finnegans Wake (London: Faber and Faber, 1939), p. 19. (II) 

.112 t j<a t. <u-j ti jJLs«ail (12) 


432 



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„ (Polygluttural Technique) JjLoJNi Luiij j*Jl« 

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o>IpLL«)/I LjLl£ : (jLr J^*Jl Li =) (Warping Process) 

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. aJ Llwvw« IL ® «, > V i i a~« ^ ^JSLxo 


I ^J^L- jJ ^*^^215" LI £j> ^Juj Lg-J s* <uL>-^yi ^j>t-L*v-<Li LI aJjuL ijlL* 

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l*JL> ^ t aJL a^Ju LjJ jLj ^JJi ^jlJL>sJI ^JL*Li ^ja 

Ijla Jjl<» ^jLL j .j»Lp 300 o^LoJ ^UJI ^L»i ~L* c L^Lj^3 

LI aJISLj! O^SL AjS 1 ^>3 J-?~ij JiNl t J3— G-A 

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_ (_£ jj>- A_*JJi N aJL JjLaJI ix^Jl j-LL j_^s 

.Jajia oliLLi»LU j»Uaj LLl_^ - 

Joyce, James. Chamber Music. London: Elkin Mathews, 1907 
. Dubliners. London: Grant Richards, 1914. 



.118 i j& t4— jjj jwUail (13) 
.205 c 4— jii j-L^all (14) 
.117 i j& 4 4— ij jj_^il (15) 
.497 ^y> ».4— a> jj-^salt (16) 


433 



— . Exiles, a Play in Three Acts. London: G. Richards, 1918. 

— . Finnegans Wake. London: Faber and Faber, 1939. 

— . Finnegans Wake. New York: Viking Press, 1939. 

— . A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. New York: B. W. Huebsch, 
1916. 

— . Stephen Hero: A Part of the First Draft of a Portrait of the Artist as a 
Young Man. Edited from the Manuscript in the Harvard College Library 
by Theodore Spencer. New York: New Directions, 1944. 

— . Stephen Hero. Edited from the MS. in the Harvard College Library by 
Theodore Spencer. A New ed., Incorporating the Additional MS. Pages 
in the Yale University Library and the Cornell University Library, Edited 
by John J. Slocum and Herbert Cahoon. Norfolk, Conn.: New 
Directions, 1963. (A New Directions Paperbook; 133) 

— . Ulysses. The Corrected Text. London: The Bodley Head, 1986. 

— . Ulysses. Paris: Shakespeare and Company, 1922. 


; oUl ji 

Arnold, Armin. James Joyce. New York: Frederick Ungar, 1969. 

Attridge, Derek and Daniel Ferrer (eds.). Post-Structuralist Joyce. Cambridge: 
Cambridge University Press, 1984. 

Baudelaire, Charles. The Painter of Modern Life: Selected Writings on Art and 
Artists. Translated by P. E. Charvet. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972. 

Benstock, Barnard. The Augmented Ninth, Proceedings of the Ninth Interna- 
tional James Joyce Symposium, Frankfurt 1984. Syracuse: Syracuse 
University Press, 1988. 

Derrida, Jacques. Dissemination = Dissemination. Translated, with an 
Introduction and Additional Notes, by Barbara Johnson. Chicago: 
University Press, 1981. 

. Ulysse gramophone; deux mots pour Joyce. Paris: Galilee, 1987. 

(Collection la philosophie en effet) 

Ellmann, Richard. James Joyce. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982. 

. Ulysses on the Liffey. London; Boston: Faber and Faber, 1972. 

Hart, Clive and David Hayman (eds.). James Joyce’s Ulysses; Critical Essays. 
Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1977. 

Lernout, Geert. The French Joyce. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 
1990. 

Litz, A. Walton. The Art of James Joyce: Method and Design in Ulysses and 
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434 



Friedrich Nietzsche 4 Am dLjJ 


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3y}jL*Ji\ j£Jl J! IJla j! U>- ^ij&JuJl .(Anti-Humanist) aJLJ)M 


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Ijjji ^3 a^JJjJI A-J3*“^i a^»jJU»JL Jpoll ^1858 <*Lp Joj .^olSsJU i m i^ i 

l ol5 4Jw^Jj 4 e— >3^1^ ^3 (J J-AJ j 

^T c *^> 1 — jL^JI lju o_9 jJl *jU3 cjLJjL ^J l ^^3 


Walter Kaufmann, Nietzsche: Philosopher, Psychologist, Antichrist, Third Ed., Rev. and (1) 
Enl. (New York: Vintage Books, 1968), p. 22. 

.0 j.A va it (2) 


435 



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436 



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<lJ J_.Lll ^ jJl *uiJLj iaiai^ ,JJ Ll'jj^l iJLi. ((. i ./as) oLp j! ( yfc 4-jkL# ^3 LULLS' 

Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil: Prelude to a Philosophy of : j-\ LJI (5) 
the Future = Jenseits von Gut und Bose , Penguin Classics, Translated from the German, with an 
Introduction and Commentary, by R. J. Hollingdalc (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1973), p. 26. 

.(1974 i_ -u-k xpI) 


437 



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Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche, “The Birth of Tragedy,” in: Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche, (6) 

The Birth of Tragedy, and The Case of Wagner = Geburt der Tragodie , Translated, with 
Commentary, by Walter Kaufmann (New York: Vintage Books, 1967), pp. 31-32. 


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Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche, Thus Spoke Zarathustra , Translated by R. J. Hollingdale (8) 
(Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1974), p. 46. 


440 



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Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche, The Will to Power , Translated by Walter Kaufmann and (9) 
R. J. Hollingdale (New York: Vintage Books, 1968), Sect. 1067, p. 550. 

,4umi ^1 2 wC5”ldl 

,546 ^ Sect. 1060 t *~Jl> jX+a ll (10) 


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442 



<Lm«i Jl«pl 

Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm. The Antichrist. Translated by R. J. Hollingdale. 
Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1968. 

. Beyond Good and Evil: Prelude to a Philosophy of the Future = Jenseits 

von Gut und B. Translated from the German, with an Introduction and 
Commentary, by R. J. Hollingdale. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1973. 
(Penguin Classics) 

. Beyond Good and Evil; Prelude to a Philosophy of the Future = Jenseits 

von Gut und B. Translated, with Commentary, by Walter Kaufmann. New 
York: Vintage Books, 1966. 

. The Birth of Tragedy, and The Case of Wagner = Geburt der Trag. 

Translated, with Commentary, by Walter Kaufmann. New York: Vintage 
Books, 1967. 

. Daybreak: Thoughts on the Prejudices of Morality = Morgenrothe. 

Translated by R. J. Hollingdale; with an Introduction by Michael 
Tanner. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982. (Texts in German 
Philosophy) 

. Ecce Homo. Translated by Walter Kaufmann. New York: Vintage 

Books, 1989. 

. Ecce Homo. Translated by Walter Kaufmann. New York: Random 

House, 1967. 

. The Gay Science; with a Prelude in Rhymes and an Appendix of Songs 

= Frohliche Wissenschaft. Translated, with Commentary, by Walter 
Kaufmann. New York: Vintage Books, 1974. 

. Human, All Too Human: A Book for Free Spirits. Translated by R. J. 

Hollingdale; Introduction by Erich Heller. Cambridge: Cambridge 
University Press, 1986. 

. On the Genealogy of Morals = Zur Genealogie der Moral. Translated 

by Walter Kaufmann and R. J. Hollingdale. New York: Vintage Books, 
1989. 

. On the Genealogy of Morals = Zur Genealogie der Moral. Translated 

by Walter Kaufmann and R. J. Hollingdale. New York: Random House, 
1967. 

— . The Portable Nietzsche. Selected and Translated, with an Introd., 
Prefaces, and Notes, by Walter Kaufmann. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 
1976. 

. Thus Spoke Zarathustra. Translated by R. J. Hollingdale. Harmonds- 
worth: Penguin, 1974. 

. Thus Spoke Zarathustra; a Book for All and None. Translated and with 

a Pref. by Walter Kaufmann. New York: Viking Press, 1966. 

. Twilight of the Idols; and, The Anti-Christ = Gotzedammerung. 

Translated from the German, with an Introduction and commentary, by 
R. J. Hollingdale. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1968. 


443 



. Untimely Meditations. Translated by R. J. Hollingdale; with an 
Introduction by J. P. Stern. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 
1983. 

— . The Will to Power. Translated by Walter Kaufmann and R. J. 
Hollingdale. New York: Vintage Books, 1968. 


! Ole- 1 Js 

Kaufmann, Walter. Nietzsche : Philosopher , Psychologist , Antichrist. Third Ed., 
Rev. and Enl. New York: Vintage Books, 1968. 

Magnus, Bernd, Stanley Stewart and Jean-Pierre Mileur. Nietzsche’s Case: 
Philosophy asjand Literature. New York; London: Routledge, 1993. 
Nehamas, Alexander. Nietzsche: Life as Literature. Cambridge, Mass.: 
Harvard University Press, 1985. 


444 



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451 



• A^xilj ^jfii l« jJjL (ajJJuj ^ULj) Ajjj]s^>\ Ig ...fli 


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Simmel, Georg. Conflict and the Web of Group Affiliations. Translated by Kurt 
H. Wolff and Reinhard Bendix; With a Foreword by Everett C. Hughes. 
Glencoe, 111.: Free Press, 1955. 

. The Conflict in Modern Culture and Other Essays. Translated by D. E. 

Jenkinson [et al.] New York: Barnes and Noble, 1968. 

. On Individuality and Social Forms; Selected Writings. Edited and with 

an Introd. by Donald N. Levine. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 
1971. (The Heritage of Sociology) 

. The Philosophy of Money = Philosophie des Geldes. Edited by David 

Frisby; Translated by Tom Bottomore and David Frisby from a First 
Draft by Kaethe Mengelberg. 2nd Enl. Ed. London; New York: 
Routledge, 1990. 

. The Problems of the Philosophy of History: An Epistemological Essay 

= Probleme der Geschichtsphilosophie. Translated and Edited with an 
Introd. by Guy Oakes. New York: Free Press, 1977. 

. Soziologie. Untersuchungen liber die formen der vergesellschaftung. 

Leipzig: Duncker and Humblot, 1908. 


: 4JIU0I ol» I jt 

Frisby, David. Fragments of Modernity: Theories of Modernity in the Work of 
Simmel, Kracauer and Benjamin. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1985. 

. Georg Simmel. London; New York: Tavistock Publications, 1984. 

(Key Sociologists) 

Kaern, Michael [et al.]. Georg Simmel and Contemporary Sociology. Dordrecht; 
Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990. (Boston Studies in the 
Philosophy of Science; vol. 119) 

Ray, Larry J. (ed.). Formal Sociology: The Sociology of Georg Simmel. 
Brookfield: E. Elgar, 1991. (Schools of Thought in Sociology; 6) 


452 



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Philippe Forest, Philippe Sollers , les contemporains; 15 (Paris: Seuil> 1992), pp. 59-61. (1) 

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Philippe Sollers, “La Poesie, oui ou non,’’ in: Philippe Sellers, Logiques, collection tel (2) 
quel (Paris: Editions du seuil, 1968), pp. 198-205. 

Philippe Sollers, “Philippe Sollers: “Ebranler le systeme”,” Interview, Magazine (3) 
litter aire, no. 65 (1972), p. 12. 

Elisabeth Roudinesco, Jacques Lacan and Co.: A History of Psychoanalysis in France, (4) 
1925-1985 , Translated with a Foreword by Jeffrey Mehlman (Chicago: University of Chicago 
Press, 1990), p. 26. 


455 



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Philippe Sollers, Kirioir New York: Entre liens avec David Hayman t fi gures (Paris: B. (5) 
Grasset, 198J), p. 100. 


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N ^bii^'yii ; ^iai»- ^3 j 4 A-> oL^JI ^-bJl oLpI .lau*^ j}\ 

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.(_g j^Jl » ol5jl ^y> y 


i <u»»L»')ll »- .JU ij U p! 

Sollers, Philippe. Le Coeur absolu. Paris: Gallimard, 1987. 

. Le Defi. Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1957. (Ecrire) 

. Drame. Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1965. (Collection tel quel) 

. La Fete a Venise. Paris: Gallimard, 1991. 

— -. Les Folies franpaises. Paris: Gallimard, 1988. 

. Francis Ponge ou la raison a plus haut prix. Paris: Seghers, 1963. 

(Collection poetes d’aujourd’hui) 

. H. Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1973. (Collection tel quel) 

. Logiques. Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1968. (Collection tel quel) 

. Lois. Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1972. (Collection tel quel) 

. Le Lys d’or. Paris: Gallimard, 1989. 

. Nombres. Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1968. (Collection tel quel) 

. Paradis. Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1981. (Collection tel quel) 

. Paradis II. Paris: Gallimard, 1986. 

. The Park, a Novel. Translated from the French by A. M. Sheridan 

Smith. London: Calder and Boyars, 1968. 

. «Philippe Sollers: «Ebranler le systeme».» Interview. Magazine 

litteraire : no. 65, 1972. 


460 



— . Portrait du joueur. Paris: Gallimard, 1984. 

— . Le Rire de Rome. Paris: Gallimard, 1992. 

— . Le Secret. Paris: Gallimard, 1993. 

— . A Strange Solitude. Translated by Richard Howard. New York: Grove 
Press, 1959. 

— . Theorie des exceptions. Paris: Gallimard, 1986. (Collection folio/ 
essais; 28) 

— . Vision a New York: Entretiens avec David Hayman. Paris: B. Grasset, 
1981. (Figures) 

— . Women — Femmes. Translated by Barbara Bray. New York: 
Columbia University Press, 1990. (Twentieth-Century Continental 
Fiction) 

— . Writing and the Experience of Limits = Ecriture et Texperience des 
limites. Edited by David Hayman; Translated by Philip Barnard with 
David Hayman. New York: Columbia University Press, 1983. (European 
Perspectives) 


Barthes, Roland. Writer Sollers = Sollers ecrivain. Translated and Introduced 
by Philip Thody. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987. 
Clark, Hilary. The Fictional Encyclopaedia: Joyce, Pound, Sollers. New York: 
Garland Publishing, 1990. (Garland Studies in Comparative Literature) 
Forest, Philippe. Philippe Sollers. Paris: Seuil, 1992. (Les Contemporains; 15) 
Kurk, K. C. Consummation of the Text: A Study of Philippe Sollers. Texas: 
University of Kentucky, 1979. 

Roudinesco, Elisabeth. Jacques Lacan and Co.: A History of Psychoanalysis in 
France, 1925-1985. Translated with a Foreword by Jeffrey Mehlman. 
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990. 


461 




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Jean Baudrillard, Baudrillard Live: :^hS jyfi- y>j yp dLU ^ <JL-j Jp oW *>lia ^1 (1) 
Selected Interviews, Edited by Mike Gane (London; New York: Routledge, 1993), p. 6. 


466 



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Louis, MO.: Telos Press, 1981), p. 66. 


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472 



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: 4 y ^Ln)ll jl>- ^JL^pI 

Baudrillard, Jean. America. Translated by Chris Turner. London; New York: 
Routledge, 1989. 

. Baudrillard Lire: Selected Interviews. Edited by Mike Gane. London; 

New York: Routledge, 1993. 

. Cool Memories. Translated by Chris Turner. London; New York: 

Verso, 1990. 

. The Evil Demon of Images. Translated by Paul Patton and Paul Foss. 

Sydney: The Power Institute, 1981. 

. Fatal Strategies = Strategies fatales. Translated by Philip Beitchman 

and W. G. J. Niesluchowski; Edited by Jim Fleming. New York: 
Semiotext(e); London: Pluto, 1990. 

. For a Critique of the Political Economy of the Sign = Pour une critique 

de Veconomie politique du signe. Translated with an Introduction by 
Charles Levin. St. Louis, MO.: Telos Press, 1981. 

. Forget Foucault = Oublier Foucault. Translated by Nicole 

Dufresne; and Forget Baudrillard: An Interview with Sylvere Lotringer, 
Translated by Phil Beitchman, Lee Hildreth and Mark Polizzotti. New 


473 



York: Semiotext(e), 1987. (Semiotext(e) Foreign Agents Series) 

. La Gauche divine: Chronique des annees 1977-1984. Paris: B. Grasset, 

1985. (Figures) 

. The Mirror of Production. Translated by Mark Poster. St Louis: Telos 

Press, 1975. 

. Seduction = De La Seduction. Translated by Brian Singer. London; 

New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1990. (Culture Texts) 

. Selected Writings. Edited, with an Introduction, by Mark Poster. 

Cambridge: Polity Press, 1988. 

. Simulacres et simulation. Paris: Galilee, 1981. (Debats) 

. La Societe de la consummation. Paris: Gallimard, 1970. 

. Symbolic Exchange and Death = Echange symbolique et la mort. 

Translated by Iain Hamilton Grant; with an Introduction by Mike Gane. 
London; Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 1993. (Theory, Culture and 
Society) 

. Le Systeme des objets. Paris: Denoel, 1968. 

. The Transparence of Evil: Essays on Extreme Phenomena. Translated 

by John J. St. John, Baddeley. [n. p.]: Routledge 1992. 


: SJUsI oUl 

Gane, Mike. Baudrillard: Critical and Fatal Theory. London: Routledge, 1991. 

. Baudrillard’ s Bestiary: Baudrillard and Culture. London; New York: 

Routledge, 1991. 

Kellner, Douglas. Jean Baudrillard: From Marxism to Post-Modernism and 
Beyond. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1989. 

Pefanis, Julian. Heterology and the Postmodern, Bataille, Baudrillard and 
Lyotard. Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1991. 


474 



Marguerite Duras ouj^jU 


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Chrisliane Blot-Labarrere, Marguerite Duras, les contemporains; 14 (Paris: Seuil, 1992). 


476 



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Marguerite Duras, The Lover = L’Amant, Translated from the French by Barbara (5) 

Bray, Third Impression (London: Collins, 1986), p. 11. 

. <UmAi (6) 

• 4 ...dj j_Uoll (7) 

Jacques Lacan, “Hommage to Marguerite Duras,” Translated by Peter Connor, in: (8) 
Jacques Lacan, Duras by Duras (San Francisco: City Light Books, 1987), pp. 122-129. 


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1 4».—»L-«i^f I I jji iS'jjpjl** (JL^pI 

Duras, Marguerite. L'Amante anglaise. Translated from the French by Barbara 
Bray. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1968. 

. L’ Amour. Paris: Gallimard, 1971. 

. Blue Eyes, Black Hair. Translated from the French by Barbara 

Bray. London: Collins, 1988. 

. Destroy, She Said = Detruire, dil-elle. Translated from the French 

by Barbara Bray. New York: Grove Press, 1970. 

. La Douleur. Translated from the French by Barbara Bray. London: 

Collins, 1986. 

. Emily L. Translated from the French by Barbara Bray. London: 

Collins, 1989. 


482 



. Hiroshima mon amour. Translated by Richard Seaver and une aussi 

longue absence; Translated by Barbara Wright. London: Calder and 
Boyars, 1966. 

. India Song. Translated by Barbara Bray. New York: Grove Press, 

1976. (An Evergreen Book) 

. The Lover = L’Amant. Translated from the French by Barbara 

Bray. Third Impression. London: Collins, 1986. 

. The Malady of Death = Maladie de la mort. Translated from the 

French by Barbara Bray. New York: Grove Press, 1986. 

. Moderato cantabile. Translated by Richard Seaver. London: John 

Calder, 1966. 

. The North China Lover = Amant de la Chine du nord. Translated by 

Leigh Hafrey. New York: New Press, 1992. 

. Outside: Selected Writings. Translated by Arthur Goldhammer. 

London: Flamingo, 1987. 

. The Ravishing of Lol V. Stein. Translated by Richard Seaver. New 

York: Grove Press, 1966. 

. The Sea Wall = Barrage contre le pacifique. Translated by Herma 

Briffault. London: Faber and Faber, 1986. 

. La Vie tranquille. Paris: Gallimard, 1944. 


Blot-Labarrere, Christiane. Marguerite Duras. Paris: Seuil, 1992. (Les 
Contemporains; 14) 

Hill, Leslie. Marguerite Duras: Apocalyptic Desires. London: Routledge, 1993. 
Lacan, Jacques. Duras by Duras. San Francisco: City Light Books, 1987. 
Woodhull, Winifred. «Marguerite Duras and the Question of Community.» 
Modern Language Studies: vol. 17, no. 1, Winter 1987. 


483 



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Franz Kafka, The Diaries of Franz Kafka 1910-1923 , Edited by Max Brod, Translated (1) 
by Joseph Kresh and Martin Greenberg (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1964), p. 212. 

Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, Kafka: Toward a Minor Literature, Translated by (2) 
Dana Polan (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1986), pp. 16-18. 


488 



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Kafka, Ibid., p. 163. : ^lall <k£ Jl ai^ J^>- (3) 

Marthe Robert, Fmwz Kafka's Loneliness , Translated by Ralph Manheim (London: (4) 
Faber and Faber, 1982), p. 5. 


489 



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Georges Bataille, “Kafka,” in: Georges Bataille, Oeuvres completes , 12 vols. (Paris: (5) 
Gallimard, 1970-1988), vol. 9: La Litterature et le mal , p. 272. 

Maurice Blanchot, De Afa/fo d Kafka, collection idees; 453 (Paris: Gallimard, 1981), (6) 

p. 66. 

•74 l jA 1 4.. . . jgJ jJ -haI I (7) 


490 



:v-L-Sll IS31T ji\J JL*1 

Kafka, Franz. America. Translated by Willa and Edwin Muir. New York: 
Schocken Books, 1962. 

. The Castle. With an Homage by Thomas Mann, Translated from the 

German by Willa and Edwin Muir, with Additional Materials by Eithne 
Wilkins and Ernst Kaiser. New York: Schocken Books, 1974. 

. Dearest Father; Stories and Other Writings. Translated by Ernst Kaiser 

and Eithne Wilkins. New York: Schocken Books, 1954. 

. Diaries. Edited by Max Brod 1910-1913, Translated by Joseph Kresh, 

1914-1923, Translated by Martin Greenberg and Hannah Arendt. New 
York: Schocken Books, 1988. 

. The Diaries of Franz Kafka 1910-1923. Edited by Max Brod, 

Translated by Joseph Kresh and Martin Greenberg. Harmondsworth: 
Penguin, 1964. 

. The Great Wall of China and Investigations of a Dog. Translated by 

Willa and Edwin Muir. London: Seeker and Warburg: Octopus, 1976. 

— — . Letters to Felice. Edited by Erich Heller and Jurgen Born, Translated 

by James Stern and Elisabeth Duckworth. New York: Schocken Books, 
1973. 

. Letters to Milena. Edited by Willi Haas; Translated by Tania and 

James Stern. New York: Schocken Books, 1962. (Schocken Paperbacks; 
SB24) 

. Metamorphosis and in the Penal Settlement. Translated by Eithne 

Wilkins and Ernst Kaiser. London: Seeker and Warburg: Octopus, 1976. 

. The Trial. Translated by Willa and Edwin Muir. New York: Schocken 

Books, 1968. 

. Wedding Preparations in the Country, and Other Stories. Harmonds- 
worth: Penguin, 1978. 


! <LsUi>j oUl 

Anderson, Mark (ed.). Reading Kafka: Prague, Politics and the fin de siecle. 
New York: Schocken Books, 1989. 

Bataille, Georges. Literature and Evil — Litterature et le mal. Translated from 
the French by Alastair Hamilton. London: Calder and Boyars, 1973. 

. Oeuvres completes. Paris: Gallimard, 1970-1988. 12 vols. 

Yol. 9: La Litterature et le mal. 

Benjamin, Walter. Illuminations. Edited and with an Introduction by Hannah 
Arendt, Translated by Harry Zohn. London: Fontana, 1979. 

Blanchot, Maurice. De Kafka a Kafka. Paris: Gallimard, 1981. (Collection 
idees; 453) 


491 



Deleuze, Gilles and Felix Guattari. Kafka: Toward a Minor Literature. 
Translated by Dana Polan. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 
1986. 

Robert, Marthe. Franz Kajka's Loneliness. Translated by Ralph Manheim. 
London: Faber and Faber, 1982. 


492 



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Jean Francois Lyotard, Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge, Translation (1) 
from the French by Geoff Bennington and Brian Massumi; Foreword by Fredric Jameson 
(Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press; Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984), 
p. 37. 


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500 



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I AjWvuLvkVI jlj I jS (JUftl 

Lyotard, Jean Francis. Derive a partir de Marx et Freud. Paris: Union 
generale d’editions, 1973. (10/18, 745. Serie S) 

. Le Differend. Paris: Editions de Minuit, 1983. (Collection critique) 

. The Differend: Phrases in Dispute. Translation by Georges Van Den 

Abbeele. Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press; Manchester: Man- 
chester University Press, 1986. 


502 



. Discours, figure. Paris: Klincksieck, 1971. (Collection d’esthetique; 7) 

. Des Dispositifs pulsionnels. Paris: Union generate d’editions, 1973. (10/ 

18, 812. Serie S) 

. L'Enthousiasme: La Critique kantienne de I'histoire. Paris: Editions 

Galilee, 1986. (Collection la philosophie en effet) 

. Heidegger and «the Jews» = Heidegger et «les juifs». Translation by 

Andreas Michel and Mark S. Roberts; Foreword by David Carroll. 
Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990. 

. The Inhuman: Reflections on Time. Translated by Geoffrey Bennington 

and Rachel Bowlby. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991. 

. Instructions patennes. Paris: Editions Galilee, 1977. (Debats) 

. Just Gaming. With Jean-Loup Thebaud, Translated by Wlad Godzich. 

Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press; Manchester: Manchester 
University Press, 1984. 

. Libidinal Economy = Economic libidinale. Translated by Iain 

Hamilton Grant. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993. (Theories 
of Contemporary Culture) 

. The Lyotard Reader. Edited by Andrew Benjamin. Oxford: Basil 

Blackwell, 1989. 

. Peregrinations: Law, Form, Event. New York: Columbia University 

Press, 1988. (The Wellek Library Lectures at the University of California, 
Irvine) 

. Phenomenology = Phenomenologie. Translated by Brian Beakley; 

Foreword by Gayle L. Ormiston. Albany: State University of New York 
Press, 1991. (Suny Series in Contemporary Continental Philosophy) 

. Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge. Translation from the 
French by Geoff Bennington and Brian Massumi; Foreword by Fredric 
Jameson. Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press; Manchester: Man- 
chester University Press, 1984. 

. The Postmodern Explained to Children: Correspondence 1982-1985. 

Translated by Julian Pefanis and Morgan Thomas. Sydney: Power 
Publications, 1992. 


I ji 

Bennington, Geoffrey. Lyotard: Writing the Event. Manchester: Manchester 
University Press, 1988. 

Descombes, Vincent. Modern French Philosophy. Translated by L. Scott-Fox 
and J. M. Harding. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980. 
Pefanis, Julian. Heterology and the Postmodern: Bataille, Baudrillard, and 
Lyotard. Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1991. 


503 




O-u 


Otherness 

Continuity 

Universalise 

Phenomenological Reduction 

Difference 

Performance 

Enactment 

Archaelogy of Knowledge 

Displacement 

Ideological Appropriation 

Unlimited Semiosis 

Metaphor 

Induction 

Deduction 

Socialism 

Etymology 

Forms of Mediation 

Genotext 


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<L]Lm2jI 

J£J1 JJ iJU-l 

*hl 
4^1)1 f-hl 

43 j»5jl 

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ojlxLw-l 
f-1 y C ^i I 
^IIUaAiI 

<51 1^1 

(JjIjJaaW I 

JISLil 

L^aaiLaiIj 4jJJ| 


505 



Genres 


Genres of Discourse 

Chronotope 

Semantic 

Speech Acts 

Feudalism 

Hypo-Normal 

Hyper-Normal 

Categorical Imperative 

Idealisation 

Ego 

Superego 
Anthropology 
Social Integration 
Superman 
Humanism 
Totalitarian Regimes 
Regimes of Phrases 
Reflexivity 

Hypothetico - Deductive 
Poetics 

Demonstration 

Langue 

Infra- Structure 
Super- Structure 
Duplex Structure 


« jQaii-1 v_slw»l 

/(jLj jllal 
jjA jii jU* c-UaPl 

tj jja}\ (JLi! 

Ltf-Uaii! 

Jil 

JS I 
J j»l jjl 

uVi 
LU!1 iftl 

I -U I 




yUJI j, 




«U3 ji 

A>- j3^o A^j 


506 



Structuralism 


Ambivalence 


History of Events 

cf-J 1 N 1 fu jlj 

Structural History 


Hermeneutic 

iSj; — ^ 

Homogeneity 


Embodied Experience 


Empiricism 


Reification 

%>til X^^f- 

Tautology 


Verification 


Semanalysis 

JJjZ 

Psychoanalysis 

, in o i LJ3- 

Conversion 

J y£- 

Schemas 


Syntagmatic 

lS J 

Syntactic Structures 

iS y 

Synchronic 

L 

Ontogenesis 

$ yii 1 j jbj 

Diachronic 


Transcendence 

i tijL>u 

Sign Expression 


Generalised Equivocity 

^l*ll 

Heterogeneity 

jjlij 

Differential 

iSyM <- 

Deconstruction 



507 



Polygluttural Technique 


iJOcdl JLaJ^I 4_laj 

Condensation 


JsLlj ^9 k 

Revisionist 



Solipsism 


y> 

Objectification 

* ^ t t- 

Epoche, Bracketing 


* (■ ... 

Extreme Fatalism 


43 ^]al >8 4j j^>- 

Dialectic 



Anagram 



Sexuality 



Substantial 


csyy- 

Living Present 



Anomaly 


OjLi 4 J L>- 

Determinism 



Economic Determinism 


<LoL^ISl kyC^J>~ 

Argument 


4j«- 

Intuitionists 



Parole 



Elitism 



Dialogue 


jl_^ 

Vita-Contempletiva 


4-jLolj Sl^ 

Vita-Activa 


4 J 10 dL>- 

Discourse 


k— )Ua>- 

Diagesis 


j-iLil jj-tj ^ j—*J 1 k >Uai- 

Narrative Discourse 


(_£.} k^Uai- 

Meta-Discourse 

508 

^ _^9 k_jUa>- 



Dislocation 


Functives 

Floating Signifier 

Cinematographic Signifier 

Denotation 

Duration 

Thermodynamics 

Transcendental Subject 

Discursive Subject 

Subjectivity 

Intersubjectivity 

Psychosis 

Capitalism 

Phallus 

Dialogical 

Mathesis Universalis 
Static 

Psychologism 
Meta-Narrative 
Total Narration 
Surrealism 
Genealogy 
Indifferent Conduct 
Distinctive Feature 
Syntagm 
Normal 


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A*mS> J J A3^\^ C ^*4*4*^ 


509 



Eroticism 


or* 


Rhizomatic Network 
Code 

Binary Code 

Ratio Facilis 

Ratio Difficilis 

Formalism 

In-ltself 

Isotopy 

Reversibility 

Simulacra 

Form 

Stylisation 

Conceptualization 

Process 

Naturalism 

Arbitrariness 

Axiomatic Method 

Digitalisation 

Phenomenon 

Phenomenology 

Lifeworld 

Trans-Linguistic 

Transtextuality 

Antagonism 

Indeterminacy 


oy^v 
iobj o y*^ 

t 1 o y^ 

Aj a y 

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jr* 


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510 



Unmarkedness 

Uncertainty 

Contingency 

Enlightenment 

Dogmatic 

Rationalism 

Instrumental Rationalism 
Applied Rationalism 
Purposive Rationalism 
Reversal 
Relational 

Subject Object Relationship 

Signifier 

Mythology 

Semiology 

Grammatology 

Semantics 

Structural Semantics 
Transformational Grammar 
Generative Grammar 
Ontology 

Eternal Recurrence 

Teleology 

Anonymity 

Glossematics 

Alterity 


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t-j i Ui 

jJ j -^5 S' 

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iJbl 

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AiJLjai aJ^AIp 

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ibSCJl ,JLp 
jUil ^Lp 

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aJIp 

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511 



Fascism 

4*j**i\i 

Purport 


Singularity 

SjI j» 

Individualism 

iLita y 

Communicative Action 

y J** 

Conflictual Action 


Philology 

iiJJl <ui 

Horizontal Thought 

Jk\ /i 

Vertical Thought 


Active Thought 

JpU /i 

Reactive Thought 


Pragmatism 

L*l ji 

Aesthetics 

JLJL-I iLJi 

Instrumentalism 

ji 

Feminism 

AjjJjVI 4jLJU 

Category 


Quantum Physics 

1*5131 p-Lj^a 

Cognitive Capacity 

ym oj jJ 

Symptomatic Reading 

OP-I 

Modern Novel 


Epistemological break 

Jy* 

Syntax 

j 'X&\y 

Analogy 

JiLJl ^Li 

Subjective Values 

A-Jli 

Modal Values 


Use- Value 



512 



Exchange Value 


Repression 


Revelation 


Language Competence 


Metonymy 

AjL5 

Universalism 

Ao 

Syntactic Actant 

^ 'jJl JpUI! OLS 

Being 

Aj j 

Discontinuity 

aJU^ 

Irreversibility 

A^ 

Non-Identity 

Aj 

The Unconscious 


Linguistics 

o>LjL-J 

Language Game 

A*JJi A-jJ 

Phenotext 

jxll 

Meta Language 

Lip AaJ 

Ideolect < 

ao y ill i*J 

Post structuralism 

A; 

Post Modernity 

Ajl-li-! Jl*jL» 

Post Marxism 

J-*jL» 

A Posteriori 


Dialectical Materialism 

aJ JL>- Aj J>to 

Surrationalism 

kaJL j_jj| aJ^AajJI jiLo 

A Priori 


Essences 


Extraterritoriality 



513 



Principle of Performativity 


idbSll Ll* 

Law of Contradiction 


j\ / IjIw* 

Law of Excluded Middle 


^11 l) / Ijl* 

Law of Identity 


ijlJJl tjyli / |j-w» 

Principle of Undecidability 


1 -L-* 

Dynamic 



Shifter 


J 

Polyphonic 


1 SAjCj* 

Paradigmatic 


Jlv> 

Idealism 



The Semiotic Domain 


(Jls^ 

Simulation 



Content 



Sign Content 



Long Run 


Jjjls 0 

Platonism 



Utilitarianism 



Reference 



Pathological 


^ J A 

Signified 


aJ| jLJL» 

Verisimilitude 


iLiA- 1 

Norms 



Given 


J*** 

Connotation 



Signification 


< sy ^ 

Conceptual 

514 




Interpretant 

('JuLmmwA C j+mJLA 

Prolegomena 

AaJjLc 

Discursive Practices 

A^jII i>- 

Anti-Platonism 


Anti-Idealism 


Logic of Ambivalence 


Undecidable Logic 

Ju j>Jp ^ la'. a 

Perspectivism 

Aj j 

Objectivity 


Revisionist Historians 


Voluntarism 

Aoljl APy 

Historicism 

aJCjIj APy 

A Priori Pessimism 

aJ^9 <L>ajL1j AP jj 

Inevitable Evolutionism 

Aj j j-h-> AP Jj 

Essentialism 


Vitalism 

Aj^>- AP 

Skepticism 

aJ^Jj AP Jj 

Totalitarianism ' 

aJ^*»Ju APJj 

Paratext 

ilst ^ 

Intertextuality 

aJoo Awaj 

Architextuality 

A - i j A . . /•S t 

Metatextuality 

aJ ji A^Ia.j 

Hypertextuality 

Ala yL® AwaJ 

Open System 

jZaa ^Uaj 

Aspectuality 

(wol> ^jA o ^Jaj 

Semiotics 

Aj J)£L> 


515 



Epistemology 

j^ll jlzj 

Model 


Id 

(( yb)) J| 

Hegemony 


Virtual Reality 

£i\j 

Realism 

ij*il j 

Hyper-Reality 

ils jAa oolj 

Existence 


Existentialism 


Phoneme(s) 

<Co y-P 

Sign- Vehicle 

*Lo*^*Jl ^JjL 4JL 

Markedness 


Positivism 

J 

Sign-Function 

4>3^P j 


516 



(jjujjLUl iluoJl 


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l*j jio j jijjjj Juj Lfw>j L^lkj /ii> : (Psychoanalysis) ai J~b«j 
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Nj liLj^l O ^JCoJl Jj J l>- p-ijj b KC*jSW AJL-^li 

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